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EoM 2 > DNA Structure > Flashcards

DNA Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Chargaff’s First Rule

A

A-T, G-C

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2
Q

Chargaff’s Second Rule

A

Composition of DNA varies from one species to another but not within an organism

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3
Q

What’s on the 5’ end?

A

Phosphate group

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4
Q

What’s on the 3’ end?

A

Hydroxyl group

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5
Q

B-DNA

A

Hydrophillic backbone of each strand is on the outside. Ten base pairs per turn.

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6
Q

Z-DNA

A

Rare left-handed double helix occuring in G-C rich regions.

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7
Q

A-DNA

A

produced by dehydration of B form. 11 base pairs per turn. Conformation found with DNA-RNA hybrids or RNA-RNA double stranded regions.

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8
Q

Disruption of non-covalent interactions which hold the DNA duplex together.

A

Denaturation

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9
Q

What can cause DNA denaturation?

A

Heat, pH extremes, urea, and other denaturation agents.

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10
Q

Hyperchromic effect in DNA

A

Denatured DNA become less viscous and absorb (more) ultraviolet light

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11
Q

Melting Temperature

A

50% of double-stranded DNA, 50% single-stranded

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12
Q

Which are weaker, A-T hydrogen bonds or G-C?

A

A-T

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13
Q

What is the single circular chromosome of bacteria called?

A

nucleoid

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14
Q

What are the additional, small circular DNA that bacteria have called?

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA/RNA and proteins (incl. histones)

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16
Q

What sorts of amino acid residues do histones have?

A

Basic / positively charged. (DNA is negative)

17
Q

Nucleosome

A

Structural unit for chromatin packaging. DNA wound around a histone core.

18
Q

What are the components of a histone core?

A

Two copies of: H2A, H2B, H3, H4

19
Q

What, alongside linker DNA, is found between nucleosomes

A

Histone H1

20
Q

Nucleosomes make up…

A

Chromatin

21
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely packaged and transcriptionally active

22
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly packaged and transcriptionally inactive

23
Q

Positive Supercoiling

A

Winding in the same direction of the double helix turns

24
Q

Negative Supercoiling

A

Winding in the opposite direction of the double helix turns

25
Q

What maintains underwinding and relaxes supercoiling effects?

A

Topoisomerases

26
Q

Group of antibiotics targeting topoisomerase

A

Quinolones (specifically, ciprofloxacin)

27
Q

Chemotherapy drug blocking topoisomerase

A

Doxorubicin

28
Q

Specialized repeat DNA sequence with specialized proteins, found at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes

A

Telomere

29
Q

Ori site

A

Origin of replication; nucleotide squence at which DNA synthesis begins

30
Q

What is the chromosomal complement of a cell, individual or species called?

A

Karyotype

31
Q

Two functions of DNA methylation

A

1) inhibiting the binding of transacting factors (usually promoters but can also block repressive factors)
2) recognition motif for binding of specific factors

32
Q

Enzyme that catalyze DNA methylation

A

DNA Methyltransferases (DNMTs)

33
Q

What serves as the donor for DNA methylation?

A

S-adenosyl Methionine

34
Q

Removal of DNA methylation

A

Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes followed by base-excision repair using Thymine-DNA Glycosylase (TDG)

35
Q

Possible modifications of histones

A

acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ADP-ribosylation, glycosylation, ubiquination, amino-terminal modifications.

36
Q

Histone Code

A

Histone covalent modifications (collectively)

37
Q

Catalyze the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to epsilon-amino group of histone lysine residue

A

Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs)

38
Q

Responsible for removing acetyl groups from histones.

A

Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)

EoM 2 (12 decks)

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