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Human Genetics > Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Gene Regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Template strand

A

complement to RNA; provides the template

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2
Q

Nontemplate strand or the coding strand

A

the same sequence as RNA (Ts in DNA and Us in RNA); where we find the open reading frame

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3
Q

The Lac Operon is an example of…

A

an inducible promoter

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4
Q

Will the Lac operon be transcribed in the absence of lactose?

A

no- the lac operon makes enzymes to break down lactose, so if there is no lactose present the E Coli does not need to break down any lactose; repressor is still bound to operator

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5
Q

Key differences in gene expression in eukaryotes than prokayotes

A

each gene typically has its own promoter (not organized into operons), chromatin structure affects eukaryotic gene expression (histones), nuclear membrane separates transcription from translation

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6
Q

basal transcription apparatus and transcriptional regulator proteins=

A

normal transcription (instead of minimal)

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7
Q

regulator proteins or transcription factors can be…

A

activators or repressors

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8
Q

Activators bind…

A

enhancers

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9
Q

Repressors bind…

A

silencers

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10
Q

Gal 4 is a

A

transcriptional activator protein

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11
Q

regulatory elements that affect the transcription of distant genes

A

enhancers

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12
Q

The binding of transcription factors to the enhancer causes the DNA…

A

between the enhancer and the promoter to loop out, bringing the promoter and the enhancer close to each other, so that the transcription factors are able to interact directly with the basal transcritpion apparatus at the core promoter

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13
Q

In the GAL system, galactose is

A

the inducer

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14
Q

In the GAL system, Gal3 is a…

A

regulator

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15
Q

In the Gal system, Gal80 is a…

A

transcriptional repressor protein

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16
Q

What occurs in the Gal system

A

in the absence of galactose, GAL80 blocks GAL4 from activating transcription; when galactose is present, it binds to GAL3 and changes in conformation of GAL 80 so that GAL4 can interact with basal transcription apparatus and stimulate transcription

17
Q

DNA sequences that block the effect of enhancers in a position dependent manner

A

Insulators

18
Q

If an insulator lies between an enhancer and a promoter,

A

it blocks the action of the enhancer

19
Q

How is DNA packaged?

A

DNA is packaged into nucleosomes forming chromatin

20
Q

What makes up a nucleosome?

A

histones and DNA

21
Q

Chromatin makes DNA less accessible, but it also…

A

provides many opportunities to regulate gene expression

22
Q

histone modifications

A

occur largely at specific residues of histone H3 and H4 N-tails (histone N-tail acetulation, phosphorylation, and methylation of specific lysines)

23
Q

Lysine Acetylation

A

associated with actively transcribed DNA (usually stimulates transcription) because they destabilize chromatin structure; acetylated lysines create binding site for specific activators

24
Q

Chromatin remodeling

A

catalytic reaction by chromatin remodeling complexes; shifting/removal of nucleosomes results in different DNA becoming accessible (not altering the chemical structures of histones directly)- initates transcription

25
Q

DNase hypersensitivity sites

A

associated with active transcription; as genes become transcriptionally active, regions around the genes become highly sensitive to the action of DNase I

26
Q

DNA methylation

A

leads to inhibition of transcription; removed before transcription initiation or remain methylated for long-term silencing (attacts DNA deacetylases)

27
Q

DNA methylation and imprinting

A

DNA methylation can cause imprinting which is when the expression of an autosomal gene is affected by parental origin (can be expressed in mother, but not in father because paternal allele was methylated)

28
Q

ICR or the Imprinting Control Region

A

an insulator that cannot function when methylated

29
Q

Gene silencing by RNA interference or (RNAi)

A

post-transcriptional gene regulation
micro-RNA, small-interferring RNA, Piwi-interacting RNA

30
Q

miRNAs in gene silencing

A

imperfectly matched to their target RNA sequence; Bind target mRNA 3’UTR: translation inhibition, target RNA for degradation

31
Q

siRNA in gene silencing

A

siRNA perflectly matched to their target; target RNA for degradation, target DNA for chromatin remodeling

32
Q

dicer

A

cleaves dsRNA, produces short double-stranded fragments

33
Q

defense against genomic invaders

A

siRNAs

34
Q

regulators of endogenous genes

A

miRNAs

35
Q

Argonaute proteins

A

bind small RNA and uses as guides for targeting

Human Genetics (16 decks)

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