Ch. 10 and 12 Flashcards
revealed the principle of transformation using mice models
Griffith
Performed DNase treatments to cut up intact DNA strands and confirmed only DNA had the ability to transform bacteria
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
Hershey-Chase Experiment discovered
confirmed that DNA is the genetic material; DNA from infecting phages had been passed on to progeny (most of the radioactivity was found in protein coats- little in cells)
phosphodiester linkage connects…
5’-phosphate and a 3’-OH of the adjoining nucleotides
DNA primary structure
nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages
DNA secondary structure
DNA’s 3D structure
tertiary structure
complex packaging to DNA= chromatin
What is the central Dogma
DNA -> RNA -> proteins
Explain the semiconservative model
template strand= old; synthesized strand= new
What are the key qualities of DNA replication?
high fidelity, once per cell cycle, complete (entire genome must be copied)
helicase
breaks H bonds between nucleotides
SSBP
maintain DNA in single-stranded state
primase
synthesizes RNA primers
DNA poly III
synthesizes DNA
DNA poly I
cuts out primers and replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides
ligase
binds Okazaki fragments
What are the building blocks of DNA
dNTPs
DNA polymerases can only add dNTPs to…
an existing free 3’ OH
on the lagging strand, where is a new primer added…
at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment
True or false: in the Hershey-Chase experiment, phages containing radioactively labeled protein coats were produced from unlabeled E coli infected with phages labeled with radioactive sulfur
false: new phages from cells had no radioactive sulfur; only radioactive phorphorus (indictating DNA is the element transforming)
what is the direction of synthesis for all new nucleotide strands
5’ to 3’
What covalent bond links nucleotides together on opposite DNA strands
Hydrogen bonds
Topoisomerase
relieves tension from supercoiling by cutting the DNA, allowing the tension to escape, then re-sealing the nick
Performed x-ray crystallography and revealed the helical shape of DNA
Franklin
Where does replication begin?
at an origin of replication (bacteria= 1, eukaryotes= many)
primer synthesis is by ___ and DNA synthesis is by..
primase, DNA polymerases
telomerase can extend ____
G-rich 3- overhang (to solve the end-replication problem)
