Ch. 10 and 12

Question 1

revealed the principle of transformation using mice models

Answer 1

Griffith

Question 2

Performed DNase treatments to cut up intact DNA strands and confirmed only DNA had the ability to transform bacteria

Answer 2

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Question 3

Hershey-Chase Experiment discovered

Answer 3

confirmed that DNA is the genetic material; DNA from infecting phages had been passed on to progeny (most of the radioactivity was found in protein coats- little in cells)

Question 4

phosphodiester linkage connects…

Answer 4

5’-phosphate and a 3’-OH of the adjoining nucleotides

Question 5

DNA primary structure

Answer 5

nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages

Question 6

DNA secondary structure

Answer 6

DNA’s 3D structure

Question 7

tertiary structure

Answer 7

complex packaging to DNA= chromatin

Question 8

What is the central Dogma

Answer 8

DNA -> RNA -> proteins

Question 9

Explain the semiconservative model

Answer 9

template strand= old; synthesized strand= new

Question 10

What are the key qualities of DNA replication?

Answer 10

high fidelity, once per cell cycle, complete (entire genome must be copied)

Question 11

helicase

Answer 11

breaks H bonds between nucleotides

Question 12

SSBP

Answer 12

maintain DNA in single-stranded state

Question 13

primase

Answer 13

synthesizes RNA primers

Question 14

DNA poly III

Answer 14

synthesizes DNA

Question 15

DNA poly I

Answer 15

cuts out primers and replaces RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides

Question 16

ligase

Answer 16

binds Okazaki fragments

Question 17

What are the building blocks of DNA

Answer 17

dNTPs

Question 18

DNA polymerases can only add dNTPs to…

Answer 18

an existing free 3’ OH

Question 19

on the lagging strand, where is a new primer added…

Answer 19

at the beginning of each Okazaki fragment

Question 20

True or false: in the Hershey-Chase experiment, phages containing radioactively labeled protein coats were produced from unlabeled E coli infected with phages labeled with radioactive sulfur

Answer 20

false: new phages from cells had no radioactive sulfur; only radioactive phorphorus (indictating DNA is the element transforming)

Question 21

what is the direction of synthesis for all new nucleotide strands

Answer 21

5’ to 3’

Question 22

What covalent bond links nucleotides together on opposite DNA strands

Answer 22

Hydrogen bonds

Question 23

Topoisomerase

Answer 23

relieves tension from supercoiling by cutting the DNA, allowing the tension to escape, then re-sealing the nick

Question 24

Performed x-ray crystallography and revealed the helical shape of DNA

Answer 24

Franklin

Question 25

Where does replication begin?

Answer 25

at an origin of replication (bacteria= 1, eukaryotes= many)

Question 26

primer synthesis is by ___ and DNA synthesis is by..

Answer 26

primase, DNA polymerases

Question 27

telomerase can extend ____

Answer 27

G-rich 3- overhang (to solve the end-replication problem)