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Drug Action II > Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

protein production starts at?

A

transcription

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2
Q

after transcription, what process follows?

A

translation

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3
Q

T/F only a fraction of genes in a cell are expressed at any one time

A

True

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4
Q

different cell types arise from gene expression because cells have distinct sets of?

A

transcription regulators

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5
Q

what do transcription regulators do?

A

increase or suppress transcription

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6
Q

DNA is made up by nucleotides. What do nucleotides consist of?

A

sugar-phosphate molecule with a nitrogen containing side group, or base attached to it

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7
Q

what are the 4 different bases which create DNA?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

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8
Q

define DNA replication

A

process of DNA copying itself during cell division

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9
Q

what is the first step of DNA replication?

A

the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strand

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10
Q

which enzyme carries out the first step of DNA replication?

A

helicase

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11
Q

what is the second step of DNA replication?

A

the priming of the template strand for duplication

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12
Q

what is the third step of DNA replication?

A

the formation of the new DNA segment

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13
Q

which enzyme carries out the third step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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14
Q

in eukaryotic cells, what phase does DNA replication occur in during the cell cycle?

A

S phase

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15
Q

what are three things DNA replication is vital for?

A

cell growth, repair, and reproduction

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16
Q

define Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA complementary to a DNA template

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17
Q

RNA synthesis is carried out by which enzyme?

A

RNA polymerase (Pol II)

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18
Q

Do RNA chains grow in a 3’ to 5’ direction or 5’ to 3’ direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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19
Q

how many strands of DNA is transcribed at a time?

A

one

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20
Q

The sequence of bases ATG is significant because?

A

It is the starting site for transcription

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21
Q

the sequence of bases TAA is significant because?

A

it is the stopping site for transcription

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22
Q

in eukaryotes, gene transcription is controlled by a?

A

core promoter

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23
Q

what does a core promoter consist of?

A
  • a transcription start site
  • a TATA box (at the -2 5 region)
  • a TFIIB recognition element (at the -3 5 region)
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24
Q

regulation of transcription is controlled by?

A

enhancers

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25
Q

what are enhancers?

A

DNA sequences containing multiple binding sites

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26
Q

what do enhancers do?

A

activate transcription independent of their location, distance or orientation with respect to the promoters of genes

27
Q

an activator protein bound to DNA next to an enhancer functions as what purpose?

A

attracts proteins to the promoter region to activate RNA polymerase and start transcription

28
Q

the rate of gene expression can be increased or decreased by the binding of?

A

Transcription factors (TF)

29
Q

what are Transcription factors?

A

either activators or repressors to control the enhancers

30
Q

The binding of transcription factors ultimately determines what?

A

how much, if any, of the gene product will be produced

31
Q

T/F the same gene can be transcribed in multiple ways depending on the amount of transcriptional regulator proteins

A

True

32
Q

what are the three chromatin remodeling factors?

A 
ATP-dependent factors
histone acetyltransferases (HATs)
histone methyltransferases (HMTs)
33
Q

what are the three cofactors which act at the level of DNA?

A

mediator
general positive cofactors
cell-specific factors negative cofactors

34
Q

What are housekeeping genes?

A

genes used in all cell types and are recognized by activator proteins in all cells

35
Q

what are cell specific genes?

A

genes expressed in some cell types or at certain times and are recognized by activator proteins in specific cell types or times

36
Q

what do Basal Transcription Factors do?

A

bind to the core promoter?

37
Q

examples of Basal Transcription Factors:

A

TBP- TATA box binding protein

TAF- TBP associated factors

38
Q

Does RNA polymerase II bind to basal factors?

A

yes

39
Q

trans acting elements vs cis acting elements

A

trans can diffuse through cytoplasm and act at target DNA sites on any DNA molecule in cell
cis can only influence expression of adjacent genes on same DNA molecule

40
Q

trans-acting proteins control transcription from class II ______

A

promoters

41
Q

the determination of the type of cell a cell becomes depends on different?

A

transcription factors

42
Q

T/F transcription factors remain consistent (on or off) during successive generations of cells

A

False, TF can turn on at different times during successive generations of cells

43
Q

T/F TF can affect and change a cell during gene expression which affects the next generation of cells derived from a cell

A

True

44
Q

In later generations of a cell, the combination of different transcription factors will determine the _____

A

cell type

45
Q

what is mRNA?

A

protein-coding RNA

46
Q

what is ncRNA?

A

non-coding RNA- becomes transcribed to serve various functions

47
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA

helps with protein synthesis

48
Q

what is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA

mediator between mRNA and amino acids

49
Q

what is snRNA?

A

small nuclear RNA

RNA that form part of the sliceosome

50
Q

what is snoRNA?

A

small nucleolar RNA

found in nucleolus, involved in modification of rRNA

51
Q

what is RNAi?

A

RNA interference

non-coding RNA involved in regulation of expression

52
Q

what is miRNA?

A

micro RNA

involved in regulation of expression

53
Q

what is siRNA?

A

small interfering RNA

active molecules in RNA interference

54
Q

what is lncRNA?
what is it regulated by?
what enzyme transcribes it?

A

-long noncoding RNA
regulates gene expression
-regulated by transcription factors
-RNA Pol II

55
Q

T/F lncRNA is a regulator of disease

A

True

56
Q

where is the genome located in a cell?

A

in the nucleus

57
Q

what is the genome comprised of?

A

chromosomes

58
Q

what are the tiny proteins called that DNA wraps around inside chromosomes?

A

histones

59
Q

once the mRNA is created from the strand of DNA, the mRNA goes out of the nucleous and brings it to the?

A

ribosome

60
Q

what does tRNA do at the ribosome

A

brings amino acids to the ribosome

61
Q

once the mRNA is read, what is the resulting formation?

A

protein

62
Q

what does a cell use to cause specific gene silencing?

A

microRNA

63
Q

how does microRNA carry out gene silencing?

A

inactivates mRNA

Drug Action II (10 decks)

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