Epigenetics Flashcards
how many different tRNA molecules are there? this correlates to a 1:1 ratio with?
20, amino acids
how is a peptide formed?
peptide bonds between amino acids form a peptide
what role does tRNA play in regards to it’s relationship with the ribosome?
it brings amino acids to the ribosome
when does translation stop?
when a stop codon is reached
what percentage of nucleotide difference is there between humans?
~0.1% difference
what percentage of nucleotide difference is there between humans and chimpanzees?
~1% difference
what is the epigenome?
multitude of chemical compounds that tells the genome what to do. can attach to DNA and facilitate gene activation or silencing and control protein production
is heterochromatin transcriptionally active or silent?
silent
is euchromatin transcriptionally active or silent?
active
define epigenetics
studies how and when certain genes are turned on and off
what is the ENCyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)?
gives info on human genome to interpret how genomes make different types of cells and different people
what is the process (in order) from gene to protein?
- DNA replication
- Transcription into RNA
- Translation into protein
what do iDNMT drugs do?
turn on the tumor suppressor gene
what do iHDAC drugs do?
cause histone acetylation
what do iBET drugs do?
turns off oncogenes (genes that can potentially cause cancer)
if the promotor region is methylated, what is the outcome?
transcriptional silencing by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors
DNA hypermethylation is triggered by what two drugs?
cannabinoids and opioids
acetylation and deacetylation is regulated by what two enzymes?
histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)
what do histone acetyltransferases do?
transfers the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the amino acid group of histone lysine residues, resulting in acetylated lysine and CoA
what is the purpose of acetylation in epigenetics?
regulate DNA replication, histone deposition, and DNA repair
define what a histone is
any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin
what does the antiepileptic drug valproate do?
modifies histones by interacting with histone deacetylases
what deregulates gene transcription that is linked to Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome ?
CBP histone acetyltransferase
what is pharmacoepigenetics?
study of epigenetic basis of variation in response to drugs
