Epigenetics

Question 1

how many different tRNA molecules are there? this correlates to a 1:1 ratio with?

Answer 1

20, amino acids

Question 2

how is a peptide formed?

Answer 2

peptide bonds between amino acids form a peptide

Question 3

what role does tRNA play in regards to it’s relationship with the ribosome?

Answer 3

it brings amino acids to the ribosome

Question 4

when does translation stop?

Answer 4

when a stop codon is reached

Question 5

what percentage of nucleotide difference is there between humans?

Answer 5

~0.1% difference

Question 6

what percentage of nucleotide difference is there between humans and chimpanzees?

Answer 6

~1% difference

Question 7

what is the epigenome?

Answer 7

multitude of chemical compounds that tells the genome what to do. can attach to DNA and facilitate gene activation or silencing and control protein production

Question 8

is heterochromatin transcriptionally active or silent?

Answer 8

silent

Question 9

is euchromatin transcriptionally active or silent?

Answer 9

active

Question 10

define epigenetics

Answer 10

studies how and when certain genes are turned on and off

Question 11

what is the ENCyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)?

Answer 11

gives info on human genome to interpret how genomes make different types of cells and different people

Question 12

what is the process (in order) from gene to protein?

Answer 12

• DNA replication
• Transcription into RNA
• Translation into protein

Question 13

what do iDNMT drugs do?

Answer 13

turn on the tumor suppressor gene

Question 14

what do iHDAC drugs do?

Answer 14

cause histone acetylation

Question 15

what do iBET drugs do?

Answer 15

turns off oncogenes (genes that can potentially cause cancer)

Question 16

if the promotor region is methylated, what is the outcome?

Answer 16

transcriptional silencing by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors

Question 17

DNA hypermethylation is triggered by what two drugs?

Answer 17

cannabinoids and opioids

Question 18

acetylation and deacetylation is regulated by what two enzymes?

Answer 18

histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Question 19

what do histone acetyltransferases do?

Answer 19

transfers the acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the amino acid group of histone lysine residues, resulting in acetylated lysine and CoA

Question 20

what is the purpose of acetylation in epigenetics?

Answer 20

regulate DNA replication, histone deposition, and DNA repair

Question 21

define what a histone is

Answer 21

any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin

Question 22

what does the antiepileptic drug valproate do?

Answer 22

modifies histones by interacting with histone deacetylases

Question 23

what deregulates gene transcription that is linked to Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome ?

Answer 23

CBP histone acetyltransferase

Question 24

what is pharmacoepigenetics?

Answer 24

study of epigenetic basis of variation in response to drugs