Exam II Memorize Flashcards
UGT1A1 is required for?
a. bile elimination
b. ammonia elimination
c. transcellular transport
d. Transporting drug into the hepatocyte
a
valve disease:
valve cannot fully close
aneurysm:
bulged blood vessel
cardiomyopathy:
thickening of myocardium, harder to pump blood
pulmonary stenosis:
pulmonary valve is too small, narrow, or stiff
statin enters enterocyte via which transporters?
a. SLCO2B1 & SLC15A1
b. UGT1A1 & UGT1A3
c. ABC1 & ABCG2
d. OATP1B1 & OATP1B2
a
once transported into enterocyte, statin is metabolized by which two enzymes into active and inactive metabolites?
a. CYP2C3/5
b. CYP3B4/5
c. CYP3A4/5
d. CYP1A2/3
c
both statin and its metabolites enter hepatocyte via which transporter?
a. UGT1A1
b. SLC15A1
c. SLCO2B1
d. UGT1A3
c
Statin in liver is metabolized by?
various CYP enzymes
statin metabolites are further metabolized by?
UGT1A1/3 or UGT2B7
statin is transported out of liver or transported to renal cell and eliminated by which transporters?
a. ABC1 & ABCG2
b. UGT1A1 & UGT1A3
c. SLCO2B1 & SLC15A1
d. OATP1B1 & OATP1B2
a
where can genetic variation occur during PK factors of statin?
elimination transporters or transportation transporters such as SLCO2B1
which transporter is responsible for stain uptake and transport out of liver?
OATP1B1
what does the *5 SNP in the SLCO1B1 gene do?
what does it increase the risk of?
produces a less efficient OATP1B1 protein and is less able to xport statins to liver
inc risk of CVD instead of reducing risk of CVD
which enzymes metabolize the prodrug clopidogrel into its first metabolite?
cyp2C19, 3A4, and A12
which enzyme is required for clopidogrel activation?
paraoxonase-1 (PON1)
how does clopidogrel work as an antiplatelet?
prevent ADP binding to P2Y12 platelet receptor
in the colon, what happens if APC is mutated?
causes colon cells to hyperproliferate
what gene is activated in response to hyperproliferation of the colon cells?
ras
what does ras do during proliferating colon cells?
localizes cells into one area to generate adenoma
what is the p53 gene and what happens to the colon if its mutated?
tumor suppressor gene
adenoma becomes carcinoma
once a carcinoma develops in the colon, and there’s a mutation in the DCC gene, what happens?
what is the DCC gene?
cancer becomes invasive and spreads
DCC is a tumor suppressor gene
what genetic condition causes APC mutation in colon?
a. Hereditary Non-Polyposis (HNP)
b. Categorical Autonomic Polyposis (CAP)
c. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
c
which two drugs treat colon cancer?
5FU and irinotecan
what does 5FU bind to causing inhibition of the enzyme resulting in inhibition of DNA synthesis
thymidylate synthase (TS)
most of 5FU is eliminated by which enzyme?
dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase
if FU is converted to FUMP, what is the result?
RNA damage
if FU is converted to a diff metabolite, what is the result?
DNA damage
MIR27A inhibits coding gene DPYD which produces DPD.
.
what happens in the mutation of DPD?
what is the result?
a guanine is changed to adenosine at exon 14 causing a deletion of the entire exon, leaving only exon 13&15
DPD cannot effectively metabolize 5-FU leading to toxicity
what happens in the mutation of thymidylate synthesis? (normal vs mutated TS)
normal TS has 2 tandem repeats, when FU acts on TS it decreases TS activity and causes good antitumour response
mutated TS has 3 tandem repeats which will increase TS activity causing poor antitumour response
which metabolite of irinotecan causes antitumour activity?
SN-38
which two enzymes convert irinotecan to SN-38?
CES1 and CES2
mutations in ABC xporters modifies toxicity of drug
.
metabolism of irinotecan is dependent on CES1 & CES2 mutations
.
UGTs convert SN-38 to?
SN-38G
UGT1A1 polymorphims can predict toxicity in cancer pts
.
how do UGT1A1 polymorphims affect irinotecan therapy?
mutation which dec. expression of UGT which slows down glucuronidation causing toxicity symptoms
mercaptopurine is a treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. it is converted into its active metabolite thioguanine nucleotides via which enzyme?
hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)
meracptopurine is also converted into its inactive metabolite via which enzyme?
thiopurine S-methyl-transferase (TPMT)
chronic myelogenous leukemia: which gene causes it? what protein does this gene produce? what does the protein do?
BCR-ABL, bcr-abl protein, the protein increases leukemic cells
what treatment inhibits bcr-abl protein?
imanitib
what enzyme does imanitib inhibit? how does it inhibit bcr-abl protein?
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bins to bcr-abl site where ATP would bind inhibitng proliferation
what does herceptin do?
stops HER2 receptors from signaling cancer cells to grow
which two proteins are overproduced in alzeimers?
amyloid and tau
APOE3 & APOE4 allow neurons to grow and inhibit inflammation of glial cells
.
mutations in APOE3/4 inhibit neuron growth
.
causes of parkinsons occur due to polymorphisms of?
DRD2, COMT, & SLC6A3
what is phenytoin? how does it work? what encodes it?
treatment for parkinsons. inhibits neuronal sodium channels
SCN genes
G6PD, RBCs only way to protect from infection. deficiencies cause? it also effects the way certain drugs work, such as-
hemolytic anemia
antibacterial, antipyretics, antimalaria
treatment drug for tuberculosis?
isoniazid (INH)
isoniazid is metabolize by?
NATs
what is the goal of non viral gene therapy?
insert DNA into target cells
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) is caused by a deficiency in?
adenosine deaminase
how is SCID treated?
implant normal ADA gene into retrovirus and infect T cells
what is ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTC)?
what happens?
what is the treatment? how does it work?
urea cycle disorder
liver unable to remove ammonia
sodium benzoate=> binds to ammonia and increases elimination
what causes cystic fibrosis?
mutation in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene
what gene therapy treatment is used for CF?
adenovirus
what does the CFTR gene do?
regulates fluid excretion
what is p53?
DNA repair enzyme
what happens if the ras gene is mutated?
cannot regulate cell division, causes non-stop mitosis
