Final Study Guide Flashcards
define a Idiosyncratic response
an unexpected response or unexpected sensitivity to a drug that is frequently genetically based
define Pharmacokinetic tolerance
changes at a site separate from the agonist site of action result in a decreased drug response
define Pharmacodynamic (direct tolerance)
a change in response after repeated administration
define Cross Tolerance
Pharmacodynamic tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to all those with the same mechanism of action
define Acute Tolerance
Pharmacodynamic tolerance that occurs after /during the course of a single administration
define teratogenicity
study of defects induced during development
isotretinoin is isomerized into?
all-transretinoic acid
all-transretinoic acid is a ligand for the nuclear receptor ____ which acts as a ______ ______
RAR, transcription factor
all-transretinoic acid causes what cellular response?
apoptosis
women must do what monthly while taking isotretinoin?
a pregnancy test
acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI by which enzyme?
what percent of acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI?
what percent is converted to glucuronide or sulfate?
multiple CYP450s
5%
90%
what is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?
N-acetylcysteine
why does alcohol increase risk of hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen?
induces CYP450s to produce the toxic metabolite NAPQI
T/F the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
true
damage to the glomerulus of kidney may cause?
altered permeability and proteinuria
damage to proximal tubule of kidney may cause?
necrosis
Distal Tubular Nephropathy may cause?
crystaluria and renal papillary necrosis
what are four tests we use to diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease?
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Blood Pressure
Protein in Urine
Creatinine in Blood (inc. levels)
Aminoglycoside Bactericidal Antibiotics (GENTAMICIN, STREPTOMYCIN, NEOMYCIN), Amphotericin B, Calcineurin Inhibitors (Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus), ACE inhibitors, and Chemo drugs may increase the risk of?
Nephrotoxicity
General Side Effects of nonselective NSAIDs:
GI bleeding
Acute renal failure
Cardiovascular (stroke & myocardial infarction)
aspirin may cause salicylism, what are the symptoms of salicylism?
headache, dizziness, ringing in ears, sweating, confusion, thirst, hyperventilation
T/F there are several drugs which can help manage ototoxicity
False, no drug treatment
Urinary excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion
.
what is the major side effect of opioids?
respiratory depression
define Congestive Heart Failure
Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet demand
what does Digoxin do to Na+/K+ ATPase and what is the resulting effect?
inhibits it to:
increase Na+ in cell
increase exchange of Na+ for Ca+
Increase Ca+ in cell
what is the protein-based therapy drug for digoxin toxicity called?
DigiFab/Digibind
what symptom can statins sometimes cause?
statin-induced myalgia
describe how cell-cell communication works for endocrine signaling
give examples
endocrine cells release hormones (aka ligands) into bloodstream which diffuse into tissues and bind to receptors on target cells. It is described as “distant” signaling via the bloodstream
steroid hormones, and insulin work by this signaling
describe how cell-cell communication works for paracrine signaling
give examples
locally acting signals released from signaling cells to bind to receptors on target cells
histamine and neurotransmitters work by this signaling
describe how cell-cell communication works for juxtacrine (contact-dependent) signaling
give examples
ligand effect via direct interaction between cells. referred to as cell to cell signaling or cell to substrate signaling
integrin signaling
describe how cell-cell communication works for autocrine signaling
give examples
when a cell produces a hormone to bind to the target receptor on itself to cause changes in the cell
growth factors
describe how cell-cell communication works for gap junctions and plasmodesmata signaling
give examples
direct cell to cell transfer via a “portal” for molecules to pass through
2nd messengers
Describe the step process of signal transduction
- ligand (primary messenger) binds to receptor
- signal transduction via second messengers occurs
- Seconds messengers cause cellular responses
- Changes in gene expression occur
movement of positive charges into or negative charges out of a cell produces?
polarization (excitation)
movement of negative charges into or positive charges out of a cell produces?
hyperpolarization (inhibition)
Insulin secretion: Low glucose = Low ATP = Open K channel = Hyperpolarized cell =
low ATP
open K channel
hyperpolarized cell
no secretion
Insulin secretion: High glucose = High ATP = Closed K channel = Depolarized cell =
high ATP
closed K channel
Depolarized cell
insulin secretion
K+ channels influence resting membrane potential and the frequency/duration of the ____ _____
action potential
Na+ channel opening results in? Which causes?
Rapid inward movement of Na+ causing depolarization in neurons
Ca+ channels are important for many cellular processes, including?
neurotransmitter release and intracellular signaling
Anti-epileptic drugs block which type of channel in the CNS?
voltage-gated sodium channels
Anti-arrhythmic drugs block which type of channel in the heart?
voltage-gated sodium channels
Vasodilators block which type of channel in blood vessels?
voltage-gated calcium channels
Anti-anxiety/sedative drugs enhance the effects of GABA at the? it is considered ___-gated
GABA receptor ion channel receptor
ligand
Paralytic agents block what receptors? it is considered ___-gated
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
ligand
Anti-nausea drugs are antagonists of what receptor? it is considered ___-gated
5HT3 receptor ion channel antagonist
ligand
Anti-diabetic agents inhibit what channel in pancreatic beta cells?
what is the resulting effect?
it is considered ___-gated
K channel
increased insulin release
2nd messenger
explain the cAMP signaling pathway:
ligands (epinephrine and glucagon) bind and activate G protein coupled receptor to release the Ga subunit which activates adenylyl cyclase. adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP which binds to the subunits of protein kinase A, activating subunits of protein kinase A. The subunits then phosphorylate troponin I and glycogen phosphorylase kinase
what is the main role of Guanylyl Cyclase (GC) Receptors?
Convert Guanosine-5’-triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) as a
2nd messenger
cGMP is important for?
blood pressure regulation, phototransduction, olfaction, thermosensation, and synaptic plasticity
cGMP can cause smooth muscle:
relaxation and vasodilation
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are responsible for?
transducing growth, proliferation, development and homeostasis
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are targets for ____ therapy
cancer
Cytokine Receptors (CRs) Signaling Pathway is responsible for the activation of what pathway? what is the main purpose?
JAK-STAT pathway
to transmit extracellular cytokine signals
