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Drug Action II > Final Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

define a Idiosyncratic response

A

an unexpected response or unexpected sensitivity to a drug that is frequently genetically based

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2
Q

define Pharmacokinetic tolerance

A

changes at a site separate from the agonist site of action result in a decreased drug response

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3
Q

define Pharmacodynamic (direct tolerance)

A

a change in response after repeated administration

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4
Q

define Cross Tolerance

A

Pharmacodynamic tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to all those with the same mechanism of action

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5
Q

define Acute Tolerance

A

Pharmacodynamic tolerance that occurs after /during the course of a single administration

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6
Q

define teratogenicity

A

study of defects induced during development

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7
Q

isotretinoin is isomerized into?

A

all-transretinoic acid

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8
Q

all-transretinoic acid is a ligand for the nuclear receptor ____ which acts as a ______ ______

A

RAR, transcription factor

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9
Q

all-transretinoic acid causes what cellular response?

A

apoptosis

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10
Q

women must do what monthly while taking isotretinoin?

A

a pregnancy test

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11
Q

acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI by which enzyme?
what percent of acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI?
what percent is converted to glucuronide or sulfate?

A

multiple CYP450s
5%
90%

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12
Q

what is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?

A

N-acetylcysteine

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13
Q

why does alcohol increase risk of hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen?

A

induces CYP450s to produce the toxic metabolite NAPQI

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14
Q

T/F the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

A

true

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15
Q

damage to the glomerulus of kidney may cause?

A

altered permeability and proteinuria

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16
Q

damage to proximal tubule of kidney may cause?

A

necrosis

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17
Q

Distal Tubular Nephropathy may cause?

A

crystaluria and renal papillary necrosis

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18
Q

what are four tests we use to diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate
Blood Pressure
Protein in Urine
Creatinine in Blood (inc. levels)

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19
Q

Aminoglycoside Bactericidal Antibiotics (GENTAMICIN, STREPTOMYCIN, NEOMYCIN), Amphotericin B, Calcineurin Inhibitors (Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus), ACE inhibitors, and Chemo drugs may increase the risk of?

A

Nephrotoxicity

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20
Q

General Side Effects of nonselective NSAIDs:

A

GI bleeding
Acute renal failure
Cardiovascular (stroke & myocardial infarction)

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21
Q

aspirin may cause salicylism, what are the symptoms of salicylism?

A

headache, dizziness, ringing in ears, sweating, confusion, thirst, hyperventilation

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22
Q

T/F there are several drugs which can help manage ototoxicity

A

False, no drug treatment

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23
Q

Urinary excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

A

.

24
Q

what is the major side effect of opioids?

A

respiratory depression

25
Q

define Congestive Heart Failure

A

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet demand

26
Q

what does Digoxin do to Na+/K+ ATPase and what is the resulting effect?

A

inhibits it to:
increase Na+ in cell
increase exchange of Na+ for Ca+
Increase Ca+ in cell

27
Q

what is the protein-based therapy drug for digoxin toxicity called?

A

DigiFab/Digibind

28
Q

what symptom can statins sometimes cause?

A

statin-induced myalgia

29
Q

describe how cell-cell communication works for endocrine signaling
give examples

A

endocrine cells release hormones (aka ligands) into bloodstream which diffuse into tissues and bind to receptors on target cells. It is described as “distant” signaling via the bloodstream
steroid hormones, and insulin work by this signaling

30
Q

describe how cell-cell communication works for paracrine signaling
give examples

A

locally acting signals released from signaling cells to bind to receptors on target cells
histamine and neurotransmitters work by this signaling

31
Q

describe how cell-cell communication works for juxtacrine (contact-dependent) signaling
give examples

A

ligand effect via direct interaction between cells. referred to as cell to cell signaling or cell to substrate signaling
integrin signaling

32
Q

describe how cell-cell communication works for autocrine signaling
give examples

A

when a cell produces a hormone to bind to the target receptor on itself to cause changes in the cell
growth factors

33
Q

describe how cell-cell communication works for gap junctions and plasmodesmata signaling
give examples

A

direct cell to cell transfer via a “portal” for molecules to pass through
2nd messengers

34
Q

Describe the step process of signal transduction

A
  1. ligand (primary messenger) binds to receptor
  2. signal transduction via second messengers occurs
  3. Seconds messengers cause cellular responses
  4. Changes in gene expression occur
35
Q

movement of positive charges into or negative charges out of a cell produces?

A

polarization (excitation)

36
Q

movement of negative charges into or positive charges out of a cell produces?

A

hyperpolarization (inhibition)

37
Q 
Insulin secretion:
Low glucose =
Low ATP =
Open K channel = 
Hyperpolarized cell =
A

low ATP
open K channel
hyperpolarized cell
no secretion

38
Q 
Insulin secretion:
High glucose =
High ATP =
Closed K channel = 
Depolarized cell =
A

high ATP
closed K channel
Depolarized cell
insulin secretion

39
Q

K+ channels influence resting membrane potential and the frequency/duration of the ____ _____

A

action potential

40
Q

Na+ channel opening results in? Which causes?

A

Rapid inward movement of Na+ causing depolarization in neurons

41
Q

Ca+ channels are important for many cellular processes, including?

A

neurotransmitter release and intracellular signaling

42
Q

Anti-epileptic drugs block which type of channel in the CNS?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels

43
Q

Anti-arrhythmic drugs block which type of channel in the heart?

A

voltage-gated sodium channels

44
Q

Vasodilators block which type of channel in blood vessels?

A

voltage-gated calcium channels

45
Q

Anti-anxiety/sedative drugs enhance the effects of GABA at the? it is considered ___-gated

A

GABA receptor ion channel receptor

ligand

46
Q

Paralytic agents block what receptors? it is considered ___-gated

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

ligand

47
Q

Anti-nausea drugs are antagonists of what receptor? it is considered ___-gated

A

5HT3 receptor ion channel antagonist

ligand

48
Q

Anti-diabetic agents inhibit what channel in pancreatic beta cells?
what is the resulting effect?
it is considered ___-gated

A

K channel
increased insulin release
2nd messenger

49
Q

explain the cAMP signaling pathway:

A

ligands (epinephrine and glucagon) bind and activate G protein coupled receptor to release the Ga subunit which activates adenylyl cyclase. adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP which binds to the subunits of protein kinase A, activating subunits of protein kinase A. The subunits then phosphorylate troponin I and glycogen phosphorylase kinase

50
Q

what is the main role of Guanylyl Cyclase (GC) Receptors?

A

Convert Guanosine-5’-triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) as a
2nd messenger

51
Q

cGMP is important for?

A

blood pressure regulation, phototransduction, olfaction, thermosensation, and synaptic plasticity

52
Q

cGMP can cause smooth muscle:

A

relaxation and vasodilation

53
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are responsible for?

A

transducing growth, proliferation, development and homeostasis

54
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are targets for ____ therapy

A

cancer

55
Q 
Cytokine Receptors (CRs) Signaling Pathway is responsible for the activation of what pathway?
what is the main purpose?
A

JAK-STAT pathway

to transmit extracellular cytokine signals

Drug Action II (10 decks)

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