Final Study Guide

Question 1

define a Idiosyncratic response

Answer 1

an unexpected response or unexpected sensitivity to a drug that is frequently genetically based

Question 2

define Pharmacokinetic tolerance

Answer 2

changes at a site separate from the agonist site of action result in a decreased drug response

Question 3

define Pharmacodynamic (direct tolerance)

Answer 3

a change in response after repeated administration

Question 4

define Cross Tolerance

Answer 4

Pharmacodynamic tolerance to one drug confers tolerance to all those with the same mechanism of action

Question 5

define Acute Tolerance

Answer 5

Pharmacodynamic tolerance that occurs after /during the course of a single administration

Question 6

define teratogenicity

Answer 6

study of defects induced during development

Question 7

isotretinoin is isomerized into?

Answer 7

all-transretinoic acid

Question 8

all-transretinoic acid is a ligand for the nuclear receptor ____ which acts as a ______ ______

Answer 8

RAR, transcription factor

Question 9

all-transretinoic acid causes what cellular response?

Answer 9

apoptosis

Question 10

women must do what monthly while taking isotretinoin?

Answer 10

a pregnancy test

Question 11

acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI by which enzyme?
what percent of acetaminophen is converted to NAPQI?
what percent is converted to glucuronide or sulfate?

Answer 11

multiple CYP450s
5%
90%

Question 12

what is the antidote for acetaminophen toxicity?

Answer 12

N-acetylcysteine

Question 13

why does alcohol increase risk of hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen?

Answer 13

induces CYP450s to produce the toxic metabolite NAPQI

Question 14

T/F the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 14

true

Question 15

damage to the glomerulus of kidney may cause?

Answer 15

altered permeability and proteinuria

Question 16

damage to proximal tubule of kidney may cause?

Answer 16

necrosis

Question 17

Distal Tubular Nephropathy may cause?

Answer 17

crystaluria and renal papillary necrosis

Question 18

what are four tests we use to diagnose Chronic Kidney Disease?

Answer 18

Glomerular Filtration Rate
Blood Pressure
Protein in Urine
Creatinine in Blood (inc. levels)

Question 19

Aminoglycoside Bactericidal Antibiotics (GENTAMICIN, STREPTOMYCIN, NEOMYCIN), Amphotericin B, Calcineurin Inhibitors (Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus), ACE inhibitors, and Chemo drugs may increase the risk of?

Answer 19

Nephrotoxicity

Question 20

General Side Effects of nonselective NSAIDs:

Answer 20

GI bleeding
Acute renal failure
Cardiovascular (stroke & myocardial infarction)

Question 21

aspirin may cause salicylism, what are the symptoms of salicylism?

Answer 21

headache, dizziness, ringing in ears, sweating, confusion, thirst, hyperventilation

Question 22

T/F there are several drugs which can help manage ototoxicity

Answer 22

False, no drug treatment

Question 23

Urinary excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion

Answer 23

.

Question 24

what is the major side effect of opioids?

Answer 24

respiratory depression

Question 25

define Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 25

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet demand

Question 26

what does Digoxin do to Na+/K+ ATPase and what is the resulting effect?

Answer 26

inhibits it to: increase Na+ in cell increase exchange of Na+ for Ca+ Increase Ca+ in cell

Question 27

what is the protein-based therapy drug for digoxin toxicity called?

Answer 27

DigiFab/Digibind

Question 28

what symptom can statins sometimes cause?

Answer 28

statin-induced myalgia

Question 29

describe how cell-cell communication works for endocrine signaling give examples

Answer 29

endocrine cells release hormones (aka ligands) into bloodstream which diffuse into tissues and bind to receptors on target cells. It is described as "distant" signaling via the bloodstream steroid hormones, and insulin work by this signaling

Question 30

describe how cell-cell communication works for paracrine signaling give examples

Answer 30

locally acting signals released from signaling cells to bind to receptors on target cells histamine and neurotransmitters work by this signaling

Question 31

describe how cell-cell communication works for juxtacrine (contact-dependent) signaling give examples

Answer 31

ligand effect via direct interaction between cells. referred to as cell to cell signaling or cell to substrate signaling integrin signaling

Question 32

describe how cell-cell communication works for autocrine signaling give examples

Answer 32

when a cell produces a hormone to bind to the target receptor on itself to cause changes in the cell growth factors

Question 33

describe how cell-cell communication works for gap junctions and plasmodesmata signaling give examples

Answer 33

direct cell to cell transfer via a "portal" for molecules to pass through 2nd messengers

Question 34

Describe the step process of signal transduction

Answer 34

1. ligand (primary messenger) binds to receptor 2. signal transduction via second messengers occurs 3. Seconds messengers cause cellular responses 4. Changes in gene expression occur

Question 35

movement of positive charges into or negative charges out of a cell produces?

Answer 35

polarization (excitation)

Question 36

movement of negative charges into or positive charges out of a cell produces?

Answer 36

hyperpolarization (inhibition)

Question 37

``` Insulin secretion: Low glucose = Low ATP = Open K channel = Hyperpolarized cell = ```

Answer 37

low ATP open K channel hyperpolarized cell no secretion

Question 38

``` Insulin secretion: High glucose = High ATP = Closed K channel = Depolarized cell = ```

Answer 38

high ATP closed K channel Depolarized cell insulin secretion

Question 39

K+ channels influence resting membrane potential and the frequency/duration of the ____ _____

Answer 39

action potential

Question 40

Na+ channel opening results in? Which causes?

Answer 40

Rapid inward movement of Na+ causing depolarization in neurons

Question 41

Ca+ channels are important for many cellular processes, including?

Answer 41

neurotransmitter release and intracellular signaling

Question 42

Anti-epileptic drugs block which type of channel in the CNS?

Answer 42

voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 43

Anti-arrhythmic drugs block which type of channel in the heart?

Answer 43

voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 44

Vasodilators block which type of channel in blood vessels?

Answer 44

voltage-gated calcium channels

Question 45

Anti-anxiety/sedative drugs enhance the effects of GABA at the? it is considered ___-gated

Answer 45

GABA receptor ion channel receptor | ligand

Question 46

Paralytic agents block what receptors? it is considered ___-gated

Answer 46

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors | ligand

Question 47

Anti-nausea drugs are antagonists of what receptor? it is considered ___-gated

Answer 47

5HT3 receptor ion channel antagonist | ligand

Question 48

Anti-diabetic agents inhibit what channel in pancreatic beta cells? what is the resulting effect? it is considered ___-gated

Answer 48

K channel increased insulin release 2nd messenger

Question 49

explain the cAMP signaling pathway:

Answer 49

ligands (epinephrine and glucagon) bind and activate G protein coupled receptor to release the Ga subunit which activates adenylyl cyclase. adenylyl cyclase produces cAMP which binds to the subunits of protein kinase A, activating subunits of protein kinase A. The subunits then phosphorylate troponin I and glycogen phosphorylase kinase

Question 50

what is the main role of Guanylyl Cyclase (GC) Receptors?

Answer 50

Convert Guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine 3ʹ,5ʹ-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) as a 2nd messenger

Question 51

cGMP is important for?

Answer 51

blood pressure regulation, phototransduction, olfaction, thermosensation, and synaptic plasticity

Question 52

cGMP can cause smooth muscle:

Answer 52

relaxation and vasodilation

Question 53

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are responsible for?

Answer 53

transducing growth, proliferation, development and homeostasis

Question 54

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are targets for ____ therapy

Answer 54

cancer

Question 55

``` Cytokine Receptors (CRs) Signaling Pathway is responsible for the activation of what pathway? what is the main purpose? ```

Answer 55

JAK-STAT pathway | to transmit extracellular cytokine signals