Gene expression vocab Flashcards
the small units, or monomers, that make up DNA
nucleotides
two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
DNA double helix
thymine (T) always pairs with adenine (A) & cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G)
base pairing rules
the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle
replication
a group of enzymes that bond the new nucleotides made in replication together
DNA polymerase
states that information flows in one direction, from DNA to RNA to proteins
central dogma
a chain of nucleotides, each made of sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base;a temporary copy of DNA
RNA
the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA
Transcription
enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule
RNA polymerase
an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein
mRNA
forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories
rRNA
brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein
tRNA
the process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypeptide
translation
signal the end of the amino acid chain
stop codons
signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine
start codon
a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon
anticodon
a change in an organism’s DNA
mutation
mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another
point mutation
involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
frameshift mutation
happens when chromosomes do not align with each other, causing one to have multiple copies of gene
gene duplication
a piece of one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous chromosome
Translocation
agents in the envionrmnet that can change DNA
mutagens
Replication (Location, Goal/Product, Main Enzyme involved Base Pairs)
Nucleus of Eukaryotes(cytoplasm of prokaryotes), DNA duplicate to prep for mitosis, DNA polymerase, A-T & T-A & C-G & G-C
Transcription (Location, Goal/Product, Main Enzyme involved Base Pairs)
Nucleus of Eukaryotes(cytoplasm of prokaryotes), Transfer info DNA -> mRNA, RNA polymerase, A-U & T-A &C-G & G-C
Translation (Location, Goal/Product, Main Enzyme involved Base Pairs)
Ribosomes (cytoplasm or ER), mRNA -> sequence of amino acids, Ribosome, A-U & U-A & C-G & G-C
