Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Bio molecules and Cells Test > Flashcards

Bio molecules and Cells Test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Each sub unit in the complete molecule

A

monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A molecule that contains many monomers bonded together

A

polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the include sugars and starches

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

non polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chains of carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

You can determine if a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated when…

A

The fatty acid is “unsaturated” with hydrogen atoms (not every carbon atom has a hydrogen atom too)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a polymer made of monomers called amino acids

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They build proteins.

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 4 descriptions of what a protein molecule looks like

A

Amino acid links -> a-helix (Think like the pasta shape rotini but with one little swirl) -> polypeptide chains (when the protein is all squiggly like spaghetti) -> complex of a protein molecule (4 polypeptide chains that bond together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides

A

Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a nucleotide made up of?

A

sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule (or known as a base)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

contains that code that determines the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA code that gets transcribed to ____, which moves to ribosomes for a protein synthesis

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The bonds that link the monomers in a protein

A

peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe a phospholipid’s parts

A

hydrophilic phosphate group head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails (2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe a triglyceride’s parts

A

3 fatty acid tails and a molecule of glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds

A

chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

substances changed during a chemical reaction

A

reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

substances made by a chemical reaction

A

products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms

A

bond energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when a bond forms, the amount of energy released must be = to…

A

the amount of energy that will break that bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate

A

Equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start

A

Activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

compare and contrast bond energy & activation energy

A

bond energy = energy needed to make or break a chemical reaction, while activation energy = energy needed to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. They both have to do with chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (often given off as heat or light)

A

exothermic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

absorbs more energy than it releases

A

endothermic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

removes a molecule of water to make a polymer

A

Dehydration Synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

adds a molecule of water to break down a polymer

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

-Name the bio molecule (carbohydrates)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable

A

-CHO(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen)
-Monosaccharides
-Hexagon Ring-like structure
-Benedict’s Solution (simple carbohydrates & Lugols solution (complex carbohydrates)
-Fruits, Sugar (simple carbohydrates) & grains, pasta, beans (complex carbohydrates)
-Mitochondria make energy using carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

-Name the bio molecule (lipids)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable

A

-CHO(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen)
-Glycerol & Fatty acids
-Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail
-Brown Bag Test
-Butter & Oil
-Phospholipids in the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

-Name the bio molecule (proteins)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable

A

-CHON(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen)
-Amino Acids
-Polypeptides
-Biuret Reagent
-Chicken, eggs, & nuts
-Ribosomes making proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

-Name the bio molecule (nucleic acids)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable

A

-CHONP(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus)
-Nucleotides
-DNA Double Helix
-(No Test, Nucleic Acids are in everything!)
-Every Food
-Amino Acids helping ribosomes make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the accumulated research of all 5 scientists we learnt about, and one of the first unifying concepts in biology

A

cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name the 3 major principles of cell theory

A

-all organisms are made of cells
-all existing cells are produced by other living cells
-the cell is the most basic unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is Cell Theory a theory rather than a hypothesis?

A

Because a hypothesis is made before any proving research is done, while a theory is made based upon previous and new knowledge gained. Theories prove that data is true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Robert Hooke

A

examined thin slices of cork (saw it was made of thin hollow compartments), concluded that those compartments were cells (he examined DEAD cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

examined pond water (observed “swimming” organisms), concluded that those organisms were LIVING single celled organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Matthias Schldien

A

examined plant tissue, concluded that plants are also made of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

examined plants & animals (with Schldien), concluded that animals are also made of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

proved a theory of Schwann wrong, reporting that all cells come from preexisting cells, they DO NOT come from free formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the cell structures shared by ALL cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic alike?

A

Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, and ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks

A

Cytoplasm

44
Q

structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell

A

Organelles

45
Q

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

A

Eukaryotic cells

45
Q

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Instead, the cell’s DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm.

A

Prokaryotic cells

46
Q

flexible network of
proteins that provide structural support for the cell.

A

cytoskeleton

47
Q

3 main parts of the cytoskeleton

A

-Microtubules (give a cell its shape)
-Intermediate filaments (give a cell its strength)
-Microfilaments (help the muscle contract and relax)

48
Q

storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA, in your cells

A

Nucelus

49
Q

What are the two major demands of the nucleus?

A

-DNA must be carefully protected
-DNA must be available for use at the proper times

50
Q

Cells DNA is enclosed in a…

A

nuclear envelope

51
Q

Nuclear envelopes have holes, or _________ that allow…

A

pores that allow molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm

52
Q

dense region where tiny organelles essential for making proteins are assembled

A

Nucleolus

53
Q

interconnected network of thin, folded membranes (where the production of lipids and proteins occur + more)

A

endoplasmic reticulum

54
Q

tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins

A

Ribosomes

55
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum are called that because..?

A

Ribosomes are bonded onto the surface of the ER, making it look bumpy

56
Q

consists of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins

A

Golgi Apparatus

57
Q

small, membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell

A

Vesicles

58
Q

supply energy to the cell

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell

A

Vacuole

60
Q

membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes (they defend a cell from invasive bacteria and viruses)

A

Lysosomes

61
Q

cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle (help form spindle fibers, which divide DNA between 2 cells)

A

Centrioles

62
Q

rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell (ONLY IN PLANTS)

A

Cell wall

63
Q

organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules the cell can use (ONLY IN PLANTS)

A

Chloroplasts

64
Q

the regular pattern of
growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells

A

cell cycle

65
Q

What are the benefits that cells experience as a result of being so small? Explain in terms of the functions of a cell, giving at least one specific example.

A

It’s better for a cell to be small because a smaller volume in a cell can help make sure that nutrients are efficiently transported throughout the cell quickly. EX;If the cell membrane is too big, it wouldn’t get proper nutrients evenly spread out, meaning some organelles couldn’t function properly.

66
Q

In multicellular organisms, some cells need to be large because of the functions they perform (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells). What shape would be most desirable for these larger cells? Why? How do you know?

A

?ASK MRS ROBINETTE?

67
Q

Why do cells divide rather than continue growing?

A

The cell needs to divide to make sure it is constantly being the healthiest it can be, and if it kept growing it would get to a point where its surface area to volume ratio was too large, and nutrients wouldn’t get spread through the cell properly.

68
Q

What are the four stages (aka phases) of the cell cycle? Describe each stage, including the relative lengths of time that cells remain in each stage.

A

Gap1 - cell grows, replicates organelles, and carries out normal functions (11 hours)
Synthesis - copying of the cells DNA (DNA Synthesis) (8 hours)
Gap 2 - Additional growth, preparation and checking for errors before Mitosis (4 hours)
Mitosis - Cell division (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telophase + Cytokinesis) (1 hour)

69
Q

when the cell appears to be at rest

A

Interphase

70
Q

When the cell appears to be dividing

A

Mitosis

71
Q

Gap 1 and Gap 2 both include…

A

critical checkpoints that ensure a cell is ready for synthesis or mitosis (depending on the Gap)

72
Q

the division of the cell nucleus and its contents

A

Mitosis

73
Q

divides the cell cytoplasm

A

cytokensis

74
Q

How are mitosis and cytokinesis related?

A

They both have a part in dividing a cell. Mitosis divides the contents in the nucleus, and cytokinesis divides the cell membrane, making 2 daughter cells.

75
Q

Compare and contrast mitosis and binary fission that we learned about in the fall.

A

They both are asexual reproduction methods for a cell, but during mitosis there is a phase where the nucleus splits, dividing its contents, while in binary fission, there is no nucleus, as it happens in mostly prokaryotic cells.

76
Q

one long continuous thread of DNA that
consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information

A

chromosome

77
Q

At almost all times during the cell cycle, each of your chromosomes is associated with a group of proteins called

A

histones

78
Q

The complex of protein and DNA that makes up the chromosome

A

chromatin

79
Q

One half of a duplicated chromosome

A

chromatid

80
Q

where sister chromatids are held together

A

centromere

81
Q

made of repeating nucleotides that do not form
genes. They prevent the ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other, and they help prevent the loss of genes

A

telomeres

82
Q

Describe the 4 stages of a chromosome structure

A

DNA Double helix -> DNA wraps around histones -> chromatin (compact DNA like a spring) -> Super coiled DNA

83
Q

Give a general explanation of what is happening at each stage of mitosis. Make sure to list them in chronological order.

A

Prophase - chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes
Metaphase - the spindle fibers attach to a protein structure on the centromere of each chromosome
Anaphase - sister chromatids separate from each other
Telophase - a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell. The spindle fibers fall apart.
Cytokinesis - divides cytoplasm evenly between the new daughter cells.

84
Q

the process where (if there is an error), the cell with stop the growth cycle and repair itself. (Normally will occur after Mitosis or if the cell does not reach a vital checkpoint during G1)

A

G0 phase

85
Q

What would happen if G0 did not happen and the cell in question just went ahead and tried to move on through the cell cycle?

A

?ASK MRS ROBINETTE?

86
Q

broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division

A

growth factors

87
Q

an enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule

A

kinase (Internal factor 1)

88
Q

a group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle

A

cyclins (Internal factor 2)

89
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

90
Q

Why might Apoptosis be beneficial to a developing embryo? Why might it be beneficial to an organism with DNA damage?

A

-Beneficial to developing embryo because it gets rid of unnecessary parts we would be born with (like webbed fingers)
-Beneficial to DNA damage because it shuts down that cell with damage so it cant divide and spread

91
Q

What are the checkpoints for each stage in the cell cycle? For each checkpoint, what indicates that the cell can move on to the next stage or not?

A

Gap 1 - must have nutrients, growth factors, and no DNA Damage
Synthesis - DNA must be replicated correctly. If there is damage repairs are made but if its too much apoptosis occurs.
Gap 2- sufficient cell size + successfully replicated DNA
Mitosis (from metaphase to anaphase) - correct chromosome spindle fiber attachment

92
Q

the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division

A

cancer

93
Q

cancer cells typically remain clustered together

A

bengin tumor

94
Q

some of the cancer cells can break away(metastasize) from the tumor

A

malignant tumor

95
Q

Substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer

A

carcinogens

96
Q

How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells?

A

In healthy cells, when the cells touch each other they stop going through the cell cycle, but cancerous cells continue growing, even if the surface area is at its capacity (it grows upwards)

97
Q

cancer cells form disorganized clumps

A

tumor

98
Q

How was the model we built with marbles in a Petri dish a model for explaining tumors? What were the model’s limitations?

A

Petri dish model showed that tumors grow out of the normal carrying capacity of a muscle, even if it means harming the tissue

99
Q

There are some cancerous tumors that consist of many cells that are much smaller than normal. (1) What part(s) of the cell cycle is(are) most likely being affected? (2) What happens to the time that is necessary for the cell cycle for those cancerous cells? (3) What implication might this have for doctors who are treating cancer patients?

A
  • The G1 phase is most likely being affected because it’s the time where cells grow, and these small cancer cells become a bigger issue when they undergo growth
    The time may be cut short for some healthy cells, and the cancerous cells will keep growing.
    Implies that cancer patients are constantly reproducing cancerous cells rather than normal ones, and since they are smaller than normal they may be harder to see.
100
Q

Some types of cancers are treated with radiation, similar to ultraviolet light. Why might it be beneficial to irradiate cancer cells?

A

Because it damages the DNA so much that the harmful cell cannot reproduce

101
Q

Some anticancer drugs prevent microtubules from forming spindle fibers. Why do you think these drugs might be effective treatments for cancer?

A

Because they can fully stop the cancerous cell from entering mitosis, meaning it cannot split into 2 and will possibly undergo apoptosis due to its excess DNA

102
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells in humans?

A

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

103
Q

What are the structures and specialized functions of muscle cells?

A

Smooth muscles - involuntary movements of body tissues (EX;Digestion)
Cardiac muscles - contraction of our hearts
Skeletal muscles - moving our bodies (lifting, walking, running, etc.)

104
Q

What are the four proteins (two contractile and two structural) that we learned about that are closely associated with muscle cells?

A

-Actin & Myosin (contractile)
-Titin & Dystrophin (structural)

105
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy, atrophy, and dystrophy?

A

Hypertrophy - increase in muscle size
Atrophy - decrease in muscle size
Dystrophy - muscle decrease (DMD)

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions