Bio molecules and Cells Test Flashcards
Each sub unit in the complete molecule
monomer
A molecule that contains many monomers bonded together
polymer
molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the include sugars and starches
carbohydrates
non polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol
lipids
chains of carbon bonded to hydrogen atoms
fatty acids
You can determine if a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated when…
The fatty acid is “unsaturated” with hydrogen atoms (not every carbon atom has a hydrogen atom too)
a polymer made of monomers called amino acids
proteins
molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They build proteins.
amino acids
Name the 4 descriptions of what a protein molecule looks like
Amino acid links -> a-helix (Think like the pasta shape rotini but with one little swirl) -> polypeptide chains (when the protein is all squiggly like spaghetti) -> complex of a protein molecule (4 polypeptide chains that bond together.
polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
what is a nucleotide made up of?
sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing molecule (or known as a base)
contains that code that determines the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein
DNA
DNA code that gets transcribed to ____, which moves to ribosomes for a protein synthesis
RNA
The bonds that link the monomers in a protein
peptide bonds
Describe a phospholipid’s parts
hydrophilic phosphate group head, hydrophobic fatty acid tails (2)
Describe a triglyceride’s parts
3 fatty acid tails and a molecule of glycerol
change substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds
chemical reactions
substances changed during a chemical reaction
reactants
substances made by a chemical reaction
products
the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms
bond energy
when a bond forms, the amount of energy released must be = to…
the amount of energy that will break that bond
reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate
Equilibrium
the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start
Activation energy
compare and contrast bond energy & activation energy
bond energy = energy needed to make or break a chemical reaction, while activation energy = energy needed to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction. They both have to do with chemical reactions
chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (often given off as heat or light)
exothermic reaction
absorbs more energy than it releases
endothermic reaction
removes a molecule of water to make a polymer
Dehydration Synthesis
adds a molecule of water to break down a polymer
Hydrolysis
-Name the bio molecule (carbohydrates)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable
-CHO(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen)
-Monosaccharides
-Hexagon Ring-like structure
-Benedict’s Solution (simple carbohydrates & Lugols solution (complex carbohydrates)
-Fruits, Sugar (simple carbohydrates) & grains, pasta, beans (complex carbohydrates)
-Mitochondria make energy using carbohydrates
-Name the bio molecule (lipids)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable
-CHO(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen)
-Glycerol & Fatty acids
-Hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tail
-Brown Bag Test
-Butter & Oil
-Phospholipids in the cell membrane
-Name the bio molecule (proteins)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable
-CHON(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen)
-Amino Acids
-Polypeptides
-Biuret Reagent
-Chicken, eggs, & nuts
-Ribosomes making proteins
-Name the bio molecule (nucleic acids)
-Name the elements that comprise that molecule
-Name its monomer
-Describe its shape or other features that distinguish it from other bio molecules
-Name the test we used to identify the molecule in the lab
-Name examples of foods or other substances that contain this bio molecule that we learned about
-Name an example of a cell organelle related to the bio molecule where applicable
-CHONP(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus)
-Nucleotides
-DNA Double Helix
-(No Test, Nucleic Acids are in everything!)
-Every Food
-Amino Acids helping ribosomes make proteins
the accumulated research of all 5 scientists we learnt about, and one of the first unifying concepts in biology
cell theory
Name the 3 major principles of cell theory
-all organisms are made of cells
-all existing cells are produced by other living cells
-the cell is the most basic unit of life
Why is Cell Theory a theory rather than a hypothesis?
Because a hypothesis is made before any proving research is done, while a theory is made based upon previous and new knowledge gained. Theories prove that data is true.
Robert Hooke
examined thin slices of cork (saw it was made of thin hollow compartments), concluded that those compartments were cells (he examined DEAD cells)
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
examined pond water (observed “swimming” organisms), concluded that those organisms were LIVING single celled organisms
Matthias Schldien
examined plant tissue, concluded that plants are also made of cells
Theodor Schwann
examined plants & animals (with Schldien), concluded that animals are also made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
proved a theory of Schwann wrong, reporting that all cells come from preexisting cells, they DO NOT come from free formation
3 domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
What are the cell structures shared by ALL cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic alike?
Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, and ribosomes
jellylike substance that contains dissolved molecular building blocks
Cytoplasm
structures specialized to perform distinct processes within a cell
Organelles
have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Instead, the cell’s DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic cells
flexible network of
proteins that provide structural support for the cell.
cytoskeleton
3 main parts of the cytoskeleton
-Microtubules (give a cell its shape)
-Intermediate filaments (give a cell its strength)
-Microfilaments (help the muscle contract and relax)
storehouse for most of the genetic information, or DNA, in your cells
Nucelus
What are the two major demands of the nucleus?
-DNA must be carefully protected
-DNA must be available for use at the proper times
Cells DNA is enclosed in a…
nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelopes have holes, or _________ that allow…
pores that allow molecules to pass between the nucleus and cytoplasm
dense region where tiny organelles essential for making proteins are assembled
Nucleolus
interconnected network of thin, folded membranes (where the production of lipids and proteins occur + more)
endoplasmic reticulum
tiny organelles that link amino acids together to form proteins
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum are called that because..?
Ribosomes are bonded onto the surface of the ER, making it look bumpy
consists of closely layered stacks of membrane-enclosed spaces that process, sort, and deliver proteins
Golgi Apparatus
small, membrane-bound sacs that divide some materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport these materials from place to place within the cell
Vesicles
supply energy to the cell
Mitochondria
fluid-filled sac used for the storage of materials needed by a cell
Vacuole
membrane-bound organelles that contain enzymes (they defend a cell from invasive bacteria and viruses)
Lysosomes
cylinder-shaped organelles made of short microtubules arranged in a circle (help form spindle fibers, which divide DNA between 2 cells)
Centrioles
rigid layer that gives protection, support, and shape to the cell (ONLY IN PLANTS)
Cell wall
organelles that carry out photosynthesis, a series of complex chemical reactions that convert solar energy into energy-rich molecules the cell can use (ONLY IN PLANTS)
Chloroplasts
the regular pattern of
growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in eukaryotic cells
cell cycle
What are the benefits that cells experience as a result of being so small? Explain in terms of the functions of a cell, giving at least one specific example.
It’s better for a cell to be small because a smaller volume in a cell can help make sure that nutrients are efficiently transported throughout the cell quickly. EX;If the cell membrane is too big, it wouldn’t get proper nutrients evenly spread out, meaning some organelles couldn’t function properly.
In multicellular organisms, some cells need to be large because of the functions they perform (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells). What shape would be most desirable for these larger cells? Why? How do you know?
?ASK MRS ROBINETTE?
Why do cells divide rather than continue growing?
The cell needs to divide to make sure it is constantly being the healthiest it can be, and if it kept growing it would get to a point where its surface area to volume ratio was too large, and nutrients wouldn’t get spread through the cell properly.
What are the four stages (aka phases) of the cell cycle? Describe each stage, including the relative lengths of time that cells remain in each stage.
Gap1 - cell grows, replicates organelles, and carries out normal functions (11 hours)
Synthesis - copying of the cells DNA (DNA Synthesis) (8 hours)
Gap 2 - Additional growth, preparation and checking for errors before Mitosis (4 hours)
Mitosis - Cell division (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telophase + Cytokinesis) (1 hour)
when the cell appears to be at rest
Interphase
When the cell appears to be dividing
Mitosis
Gap 1 and Gap 2 both include…
critical checkpoints that ensure a cell is ready for synthesis or mitosis (depending on the Gap)
the division of the cell nucleus and its contents
Mitosis
divides the cell cytoplasm
cytokensis
How are mitosis and cytokinesis related?
They both have a part in dividing a cell. Mitosis divides the contents in the nucleus, and cytokinesis divides the cell membrane, making 2 daughter cells.
Compare and contrast mitosis and binary fission that we learned about in the fall.
They both are asexual reproduction methods for a cell, but during mitosis there is a phase where the nucleus splits, dividing its contents, while in binary fission, there is no nucleus, as it happens in mostly prokaryotic cells.
one long continuous thread of DNA that
consists of numerous genes along with regulatory information
chromosome
At almost all times during the cell cycle, each of your chromosomes is associated with a group of proteins called
histones
The complex of protein and DNA that makes up the chromosome
chromatin
One half of a duplicated chromosome
chromatid
where sister chromatids are held together
centromere
made of repeating nucleotides that do not form
genes. They prevent the ends of chromosomes from accidentally attaching to each other, and they help prevent the loss of genes
telomeres
Describe the 4 stages of a chromosome structure
DNA Double helix -> DNA wraps around histones -> chromatin (compact DNA like a spring) -> Super coiled DNA
Give a general explanation of what is happening at each stage of mitosis. Make sure to list them in chronological order.
Prophase - chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes
Metaphase - the spindle fibers attach to a protein structure on the centromere of each chromosome
Anaphase - sister chromatids separate from each other
Telophase - a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell. The spindle fibers fall apart.
Cytokinesis - divides cytoplasm evenly between the new daughter cells.
the process where (if there is an error), the cell with stop the growth cycle and repair itself. (Normally will occur after Mitosis or if the cell does not reach a vital checkpoint during G1)
G0 phase
What would happen if G0 did not happen and the cell in question just went ahead and tried to move on through the cell cycle?
?ASK MRS ROBINETTE?
broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division
growth factors
an enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule
kinase (Internal factor 1)
a group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain points in the cell cycle
cyclins (Internal factor 2)
programmed cell death
apoptosis
Why might Apoptosis be beneficial to a developing embryo? Why might it be beneficial to an organism with DNA damage?
-Beneficial to developing embryo because it gets rid of unnecessary parts we would be born with (like webbed fingers)
-Beneficial to DNA damage because it shuts down that cell with damage so it cant divide and spread
What are the checkpoints for each stage in the cell cycle? For each checkpoint, what indicates that the cell can move on to the next stage or not?
Gap 1 - must have nutrients, growth factors, and no DNA Damage
Synthesis - DNA must be replicated correctly. If there is damage repairs are made but if its too much apoptosis occurs.
Gap 2- sufficient cell size + successfully replicated DNA
Mitosis (from metaphase to anaphase) - correct chromosome spindle fiber attachment
the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
cancer
cancer cells typically remain clustered together
bengin tumor
some of the cancer cells can break away(metastasize) from the tumor
malignant tumor
Substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer
carcinogens
How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells?
In healthy cells, when the cells touch each other they stop going through the cell cycle, but cancerous cells continue growing, even if the surface area is at its capacity (it grows upwards)
cancer cells form disorganized clumps
tumor
How was the model we built with marbles in a Petri dish a model for explaining tumors? What were the model’s limitations?
Petri dish model showed that tumors grow out of the normal carrying capacity of a muscle, even if it means harming the tissue
There are some cancerous tumors that consist of many cells that are much smaller than normal. (1) What part(s) of the cell cycle is(are) most likely being affected? (2) What happens to the time that is necessary for the cell cycle for those cancerous cells? (3) What implication might this have for doctors who are treating cancer patients?
- The G1 phase is most likely being affected because it’s the time where cells grow, and these small cancer cells become a bigger issue when they undergo growth
The time may be cut short for some healthy cells, and the cancerous cells will keep growing.
Implies that cancer patients are constantly reproducing cancerous cells rather than normal ones, and since they are smaller than normal they may be harder to see.
Some types of cancers are treated with radiation, similar to ultraviolet light. Why might it be beneficial to irradiate cancer cells?
Because it damages the DNA so much that the harmful cell cannot reproduce
Some anticancer drugs prevent microtubules from forming spindle fibers. Why do you think these drugs might be effective treatments for cancer?
Because they can fully stop the cancerous cell from entering mitosis, meaning it cannot split into 2 and will possibly undergo apoptosis due to its excess DNA
What are the three types of muscle cells in humans?
Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
What are the structures and specialized functions of muscle cells?
Smooth muscles - involuntary movements of body tissues (EX;Digestion)
Cardiac muscles - contraction of our hearts
Skeletal muscles - moving our bodies (lifting, walking, running, etc.)
What are the four proteins (two contractile and two structural) that we learned about that are closely associated with muscle cells?
-Actin & Myosin (contractile)
-Titin & Dystrophin (structural)
What is the difference between hypertrophy, atrophy, and dystrophy?
Hypertrophy - increase in muscle size
Atrophy - decrease in muscle size
Dystrophy - muscle decrease (DMD)
