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Biology > Final (Vocab) > Flashcards

Final (Vocab) Flashcards

1
Q

each smaller unit in a sub-unit (Like one pearl of a necklace)

A

monomer

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2
Q

linked monomers (necklace)

A

polymer

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3
Q

large bio-molecules that are critically important to all living things

A

macromolecules

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4
Q

a process that joins monomers together by removing a water molecule

A

dehydration synthesis

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5
Q

a process that breaks a polymer down by adding a molecule of water

A

hydrolysis

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6
Q

a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

carbohydrates

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7
Q

a nonpolar fat molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, steroids, and cholesterol

A

lipids

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8
Q

hydrocarbon chain often often bonded to glycerol in a lipid

A

fatty acids

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9
Q

every place that a hydrogen atom can bond to a carbon atom is filled with a hydrogen atom; all carbon-carbon are single bonds

A

saturated fats

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10
Q

have fewer hydrogen atoms; there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms

A

unsaturated fats

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11
Q

an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

A

protein

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12
Q

a compound class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group that combine and form proteins; contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

A

amino acids

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13
Q

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

covalent bond

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14
Q

the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule

A

hydrogen bond

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15
Q

an organic compound, either DNA or RNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information

A

nucleic acids

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16
Q

process by which substances change into different substances through the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

A

chemical reactions

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17
Q

the substances changed during a chemical reaction

A

reactcants

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18
Q

the substances made by a chemical reaction

A

products

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19
Q

amount of energy needed to break a bond; or the amount of energy released when a bond forms

A

bond energy

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20
Q

a state that exists when the concentration of a substance is the same throughout a space; when reactants and products are being made at the same rate

A

equillibrium

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21
Q

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction

A

activation energy

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22
Q

chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (cellular respiration)

A

exothermic

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23
Q

absorbs more energy than it releases (photosynthesis)

A

endothermic

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24
Q

theory that states:
-all living things are made up of cells
-all existing cells are produced by other living cells
-the cell is the most basic unit of life

A

cell theory

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25
Q

jelly-like substance within the membrane that includes the fluid, cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

one of the small bodies found in the cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function

A

organelles

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27
Q

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

A

prokaryotic cells

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28
Q

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

A

eukaryotic cells

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29
Q

the cytoplasmic network of protein filaments that plays an essential role in cell movement, shape, and division

A

cytoskeleton

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30
Q

a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and stores genetic information

A

nucleus

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31
Q

a dense region where tiny organelles essential for making proteins are assembled

A

nucleolus

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32
Q

an interconnected network of inter-folded membranes that assist in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and the production of lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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33
Q

a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis

A

ribosome

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34
Q

a cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell

A

golgi apparatus

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35
Q

a small cavity or sac that contains materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transports these materials from place to place within the cell

A

vesicle

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36
Q

supply energy to the cell

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

organelle that is used to store materials that are needed by the cell

A

vacuole

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38
Q

organelle that contains enzymes

A

lysosomes

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39
Q

small cylinder shaped organelle made of protein tubes arranged in a circle; aids mitosis

A

centriole

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40
Q

rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to a plant cell

A

cell wall

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41
Q

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

A

chloroplast

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42
Q

the life cycle of a cell; consist of a cell-growth period in which DNA is synthesized and a cell-division period in which mitosis takes place

A

cell cycle

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43
Q

a process of cell division that forms two nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

A

mitosis

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44
Q

the division of the cytoplasm of a cell; follows the division of the cell’s nucleus by mitosis or meiosis

A

cytokensis

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45
Q

one of the structures in the nucleus made up of a long continuous thread of DNA that consists of genes along with regulatory information

A

chromosome

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46
Q

a type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells; a group of proteins

A

histones

47
Q

the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; consists of specific proteins DNA and small amounts of RNA

A

chromatin

48
Q

one of the strands of chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis; 1/2 of a duplicated chromosome

A

chromatid

49
Q

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

A

centromere

50
Q

the region at the tip of a chromosome; forms one of the end points of the DNA segment that makes up a chromosome

A

telomere

51
Q

first phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, and the centromeres and centriols migrate to opposite sides of the cell

A

prophase

52
Q

second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator

A

metaphase

53
Q

third phase of mitosis where chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell

A

anaphase

54
Q

last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble

A

telophase

55
Q

broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division

A

growth factors

56
Q

an enzyme that, when activated, transfers a phosphate group from one molecule to a specific target molecule

A

kinase

57
Q

a group of proteins that are rapidly made and destroyed at certain parts in the cell cycle

A

cyclins

58
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

59
Q

a type of disorder of cell growth that results in an invasion and destruction of surrounding healthy tissue by abnormal cells

A

cancer

60
Q

having no dangerous effects on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous; cancerous cells that remain clustered together

A

bengin

61
Q

cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism’s health

A

malignant

62
Q

to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the sit of the disease to other parts of the body

A

metastasize

63
Q

carcinogen substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer

A

carcinogens

64
Q

an organic compound that consists of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; the basic building block of a nucleic-acid chain and small monomers that make up DNA

A

nucleotides

65
Q

the spiral staircase structure characteristic of the DNA molecule

A

double helix

66
Q

rules stating that in DNA cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine and that in RNA cytosine pairs guanine and adenine pairs with uracil

A

base pairing rules

67
Q

process by which DNA is copied

A

replication

68
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule

A

DNA polymerase

69
Q

theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

A

central dogma

70
Q

the enzyme will not be able to attach to its substrate any more

A

denature

71
Q

the area of the enzyme where the substrate binds

A

active site

72
Q

ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

A

RNA

73
Q

What is the sugar the forms the backbone of an RNA molecule?

A

ribose

74
Q

the process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template

the process of copying a DNA sequence to produce a complementary strand of RNA

A

transcription

75
Q

an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template

A

RNA polymerase

76
Q

form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

77
Q

RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein

A

rRNA

78
Q

form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

A

tRNA

79
Q

the portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

A

translation

80
Q

a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal

A

codon

81
Q

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

A

stop codon

82
Q

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

A

start codon

83
Q

a region of tRNA molecule that consists of a sequence of three bases that is complementary to an mRNA codon

A

anticodon

84
Q

an individual who has one copy a recessive autosomal allele that causes disease in the homozygous condition

A

carrier

85
Q

gene that is located on the sex chromosome

A

sex-linked genes

86
Q

process that occurs in female mammals in which one of the X chromosomes is randomly turned off in each cell

A

X chromosome inactivation

87
Q

a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual’s two parents because the dominant allele is unable to fully express itself

A

incomplete dominance

88
Q

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

A

codominance

89
Q

trait that is produced by two or more genes

A

polygenic

90
Q

can interfere with the expression of other genes

A

epistatic

91
Q

cells that make up all of the body’s tissues and organs, except gametes

A

somatic cells

92
Q

a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote; female sex cells

A

gametes

93
Q

describes a character that is shared by a group of species because it is inherited from a common ancestor; having the same structure

A

Homologous chromosomes

94
Q

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

autosome

95
Q

one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

A

sex chromosomes

96
Q

reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite

A

sexual reproduction

97
Q

the union of a male and female gamete to form a zygote

A

fertilization

98
Q
A
99
Q

a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells

A

meiosis

99
Q

describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes

A

haploid

99
Q

a cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes

A

diploid

100
Q

the most basic unit of heredity

A

gene

101
Q

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic

A

allele

102
Q

the complete genetic material contained in an individual or species

A

genome

103
Q

the entire genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of genes for one or more specific traits

A

genotype

104
Q

an organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristics that result from the organism’s genotype and environment

A

phenotype

105
Q

a graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross

A

punnet square

106
Q

a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

A

pedigree

107
Q

image of all the chromosomes in a cell

A

karyotype

108
Q

a change in the structure or amount of the genetic material in an organism

A

mutation

109
Q

a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed

A

point mutation

110
Q

a mutation, such as insertion or deletion, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of the change in the reading frame

A

frameshift mutation

111
Q

agent that can introduce or increase the frequency of mutation in organisms

A

mutagens

112
Q

ecological footprint

A

amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough water, food, shelter, energy, and waste

Biology (11 decks)

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