Chapter 4+ Vocab Quiz Flashcards
A molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. Contains a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.
ATP
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group.
ADP
a process by which ATP is synthesized using chemicals as an energy source instead of light
Chemosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
photosythesis
a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
chlorophyll
stacks of coin shaped, membrane enclosed compartments
grana
coin shaped, membrane enclosed compartment found within chloroplasts that contain the components for photosynthesis
thylakoid
the fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplast
stroma
capture energy from sunlight
light dependent reactions
use energy from light independent reactions to make sugars
light independent reactions
series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane
photosystems
a series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
electron transport chain
enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
ATP synthase
a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
Calvin cycle
the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration
process that requires oxygen to occur
aerobic
the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP.
glycolysis
describes a process that does not require oxygen
anaerobic
a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; the major pathway in oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
Krebs cycle
the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
lactic acid
a resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which the resource is consumed
nonrenewable resource
a natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed
renewable resource
amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough food, water, shelter, energy, and waste
ecological footprint
an undesirable change in the natural environment that is caused by the introduction of substances that are harmful to living organisms by excessive wastes, heat, noise, or radiation
pollution
air pollution caused by gases from burning fossil fuels, forming a fog when they react with sunlight.
smog
microscopic bits of dust, metal, and unburned fuel produced by industrial processes
particulates
precipitation that has a pH lower than normal, and an unusually high concentration of sulfuric or nitric acids; a result of chemical pollution of air
acid rain
the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and raradiate infrared radiation
greenhouse effect
a gradual increase in average global temperature
global warming
