Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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2
Q

Which process produces a primary mRNA transcript?

A

Transcription

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3
Q

Which process takes place to turn a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA molecule?

A

Splicing

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4
Q

Which process is when the mature mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein?

A

Translation

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5
Q

Which process takes place after translation and can result in multiple different proteins being produced from one gene?

A

Post-translational modification

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6
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

At the ribosome

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8
Q

Which molecule carries specific amino acids to the ribosome?

A

tRNA

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9
Q

What is the ribosome composed of?

A

rRNA and protein

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10
Q

What is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds between strands of DNA to begin transcription and adds complementary nucleotides to build a molecule of mRNA.

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11
Q

Describe the complementary base pairing used to build a molecule of RNA.

A

A—U, C—G

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12
Q

Which bonds hold amino acids together to form a polypeptide?

A

Peptide bond

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13
Q

What happens during splicing?

A

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together.

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14
Q

Which codons begin and end translation?

A

START and STOP codons.

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15
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon which is complementary to a codon.

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16
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

It carries a complementary copy of the DNA code from the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

17
Q

What happens during post-translational modification?

A

The addition of phosphate or carbohydrate molecules, cleavage of polypeptide chains.

18
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

When introns are treated as exons or exons are treated as introns leading to different versions of the mature mRNA

19
Q

How can one gene lead to the production of many proteins?

A

Post-translational modification, alternative splicing

20
Q

Which bonds are responsible for the final shape of a protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds between amino acids and sulphur bridges.

21
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non-coding region of mRNA

22
Q

What is an exon?

A

Coding region of mRNA.

23
Q

Which factors can regulate gene expression?

A

Intracellular and extracellular factors.

24
Q

How is gene expression controlled?

A

By regulating transcription or translation.

25
What is the phenotype of an organism?
: The physical and chemical characteristics of an organism.
26
What happens during translation at the ribosome?
tRNA with complementary anticodons match with codons on the mRNA
27
What are the differences between RNA and DNA nucleotides?
RNA contains RIBOSE SUGAR and URACIL, DNA contains DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR and THYMINE Also, RNA is one strand whereas DNA has two strands
28
What is a codon?
A sequence of three bases on mRNA which codes for one amino acid.