Cellular respiration Flashcards
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, ATP
What is the name for the first stage of respiration?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytoplasm
What is the name for the second stage of respiration?
Citric acid cycle
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
What happens in glycolysis?
Glucose -> Pyruvate
2 ATP used, 4 ATP produced, Net Gain 2 ATP
NADH produced
Which enzyme removes hydrogen ions and electrons during respiration?
Dehydrogenase
Which co-enzymes carry hydrogen and high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
NAD / FAD
What is meant by a “net gain” of 2 ATP during glycolysis?
2 ATP are used, 4 ATP are produced
What happens during the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate converted to Acetyl Co A which combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Produces NADH, FAD, CO2 and some ATP.
Which stage in aerobic respiration can result in both NADH and FADH2 being produced?
Citric Acid Cycle
What happens during the electron transport chain?
Electrons provide energy to pump H ions into intermembrane space. Hydrogen ions return to cytoplasm through ATP synthase which results in ATP being made.
Where are electron transport chains for aerobic respiration found?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria
Why are the electrons required in the electron transport chain?
Provide the energy for the electron transport chain to pump H ions into intermembrane space.
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesising ATP from ADP + Pi?
ATP Synthase
What drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP Synthase?
The return flow of hydrogen ions.
What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?
Acts as the final acceptor of H ions and electrons, combining with them to form water.
What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
ATP are used to phosphorylate intermediates.
What happens during the energy pay-off phase of glycolysis.
ATP are produced.
What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis?
Converted into an acetyl group and combines with co-enzyme A to make acetyl co-A.
What happens to acetyl co A during the citric acid cycle?
It combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate.
What is produced during the citric acid cycle?
CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2
What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
Undergoes fermentation to form lactate in animals or ethanol and CO2 in plants.
What happens to the NADH and FAD generated in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
They pass the hydrogen ions and electrons to the electron transport chain.
Name two alternative respiratory substrates?
Fats, proteins
Which alternative respiratory substrate would only be used after periods of prolonged starvation.
Proteins
What are the subunits of fats?
Glycogen and glycerol
What are the smallest subunits of carbohydrates?
Glucose
