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BIO 208 > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 UTR

A

3’ untranslated region; region just downstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated

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2
Q

5 cap

A

a methylated guanosine triphosphate (GTP) molecule that is attached to the 5’ end of a messenger RNA to protect the end from degradation

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3
Q

5 UTR

A

5’ untranslated region; region just upstream of the protein-coding region in an RNA molecule that is not translated

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4
Q

Activator

A

protein that binds to prokaryotic operators to increase transcription

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5
Q

Catabolite activator protein (CAP)

A

protein that complexes with cAMP to bind to the promoter sequences of operons which control sugar processing when glucose is not available

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6
Q

Cis-acting element

A

transcription factor binding sites within the promoter that regulate the transcription of a gene adjacent to it

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7
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that chops the pre-miRNA into the mature form of the miRNA

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8
Q

DNA methylation

A

epigenetic modification that leads to gene silencing; a process involving adding a methyl group to the DNA molecule

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9
Q

Enhancer

A

segment of DNA that is upstream, downstream, perhaps thousands of nucleotides away, or on another chromosome that influence the transcription of a specific gene

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10
Q

Epigenetic

A

heritable changes that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence

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11
Q

Eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2)

A

protein that binds first to an mRNA to initiate translation

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12
Q

Gene expression

A

processes that control the turning on or turning off of a gene

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13
Q

Guanine diphosphate (GDP)

A

molecule that is left after the energy is used to start translation

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14
Q

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

A

energy-providing molecule that binds to eIF-2 and is needed for translation

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15
Q

histone acetylation

A

epigenetic modification that leads to gene expression; a process involving adding or removing an acetyl functional group

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16
Q

inducible operon

A

operon that can be activated or repressed depending on cellular needs and the surrounding environment

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17
Q

initiation complex

A

protein complex containing eIF-2 that starts translation

18
Q

lac operon

A

operon in prokaryotic cells that encodes genes required for processing and intake of lactose

19
Q

large 60S ribosomal subunit

A

second, larger ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein

20
Q

microRNA (miRNA)

A

small RNA molecules (approximately 21 nucleotides in length) that bind to RNA molecules to degrade them

21
Q

myc

A

oncogene that causes cancer in many cancer cells

22
Q

negative regulator

A

protein that prevents transcription

23
Q

operator

A

region of DNA outside of the promoter region that binds activators or repressors that control gene expression in prokaryotic cells

24
Q

operon

A

collection of genes involved in a pathway that are transcribed together as a single mRNA in prokaryotic cells

25
Q

poly-A tail

A

a series of adenine nucleotides that are attached to the 3’ end of an mRNA to protect the end from degradation

26
Q

positive regulator

A

protein that increases transcription

27
Q

post-transcriptional

A

control of gene expression after the RNA molecule has been created but before it is translated into protein

28
Q

post-translational

A

control of gene expression after a protein has been created

29
Q

proteasome

A

organelle that degrades proteins

30
Q

repressor

A

protein that binds to the operator of prokaryotic genes to prevent transcription

31
Q

RISC

A

protein complex that binds along with the miRNA to the RNA to degrade it

32
Q

RNA stability

A

how long an RNA molecule will remain intact in the cytoplasm

33
Q

RNA-binding protein (RBP)

A

protein that binds to the 3’ or 5’ UTR to increase or decrease the RNA stability

34
Q

small 40S ribosomal subunit

A

ribosomal subunit that binds to the RNA to translate it into protein

35
Q

trans-acting element

A

transcription factor binding site found outside the promoter or on another chromosome that influences the transcription of a particular gene

36
Q

transcription factor

A

protein that binds to the DNA at the promoter or enhancer region and that influences transcription of a gene

37
Q

transcription factor binding site

A

sequence of DNA to which a transcription factor binds

38
Q

transcriptional start site

A

site at which transcription begins

39
Q

trp operon

A

series of genes necessary to synthesize tryptophan in prokaryotic cells

40
Q

tryptophan

A

amino acid that can be synthesized by prokaryotic cells when necessary

41
Q

untranslated region

A

segment of the RNA molecule that is not translated into protein. These regions lie before (upstream or 5’) and after (downstream or 3’) the protein-coding region

BIO 208 (15 decks)

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