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BIO 208 > Biotechnology and Genomics > Flashcards

Biotechnology and Genomics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

ability of an organism to be unaffected by an antibiotic’s actions

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2
Q

biomarker

A

individual protein that is uniquely produced in a diseased state

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3
Q

biotechnology

A

use of biological agents for technological advancement

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4
Q

cDNA library

A

collection of cloned cDNA sequences

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5
Q

cellular cloning

A

production of identical cell populations by binary fission

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6
Q

chain termination method

A

method of DNA sequencing using labeled dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA replication; it is also called the dideoxy method or the Sanger method

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7
Q

clone

A

exact replica

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8
Q

contig

A

larger sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping shorter sequences

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9
Q

cytogenetic mapping

A

technique that uses a microscope to create a map from stained chromosomes

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10
Q

deoxynucleotide

A

individual DNA monomer (single unit)

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11
Q

dideoxynucleotide

A

individual DNA monomer that is missing a hydroxyl group (–OH)

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12
Q

DNA microarray

A

method to detect gene expression by analyzing many DNA fragments that are fixed to a glass slide or a silicon chip to identify active genes and identify sequences

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13
Q

expressed sequence tag (EST)

A

short STS that is identified with cDNA

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14
Q

false negative

A

incorrect test result that should have been positive

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15
Q

foreign DNA

A

DNA that belongs to a different species or DNA that is artificially synthesized

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16
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

technique used to separate molecules on the basis of size using electric charge

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17
Q

gene targeting

A

method for altering the sequence of a specific gene by introducing the modified version on a vector

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18
Q

gene therapy

A

technique used to cure inheritable diseases by replacing mutant genes with good genes

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19
Q

genetic diagnosis

A

diagnosis of the potential for disease development by analyzing disease-causing genes

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20
Q

genetic engineering

A

alteration of the genetic makeup of an organism

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21
Q

genetic map

A

outline of genes and their location on a chromosome

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22
Q

genetic marker

A

gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait

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23
Q

genetic recombination

A

DNA exchange between homologous chromosome pairs

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24
Q

genetic testing

A

process of testing for the presence of disease-causing genes

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25
Q

genetically modified organism (GMO)

A

organism whose genome has been artificially changed

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26
Q

genome annotation

A

process of attaching biological information to gene sequences

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27
Q

genome mapping

A

process of finding the location of genes on each chromosome

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28
Q

genomic library

A

collection of cloned DNA which represents all of the sequences and fragments from a genome

29
Q

genomics

A

study of entire genomes including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species

30
Q

host DNA

A

DNA that is present in the genome of the organism of interest

31
Q

linkage analysis

A

procedure that analyzes recombining genes to determine if they are linked

32
Q

lysis buffer

A

solution to break the cell membrane and release cell contents

33
Q

metabolome

A

complete set of metabolites which are related to an organism’s genetic makeup

34
Q

metabolomics

A

study of small molecule metabolites in an organism

35
Q

metagenomics

A

study of multiple species’ collective genomes that grow and interact in an environmental niche

36
Q

microsatellite polymorphism

A

variation between individuals in the sequence and number of microsatellite DNA repeats

37
Q

model organism

A

species that researchers study and use as a model to understand the biological processes in other species represented by the model organism

38
Q

molecular cloning

A

cloning of DNA fragments

39
Q

multiple cloning site (MCS)

A

site that multiple restriction endonucleases can recognize

40
Q

next-generation sequencing

A

group of automated techniques for rapid DNA sequencing

41
Q

Northern blotting

A

transfer of RNA from a gel to a nylon membrane

42
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

study of drug interactions with the genome or proteome; also called toxicogenomics

43
Q

physical map

A

representation of the physical distance between genes or genetic markers

44
Q

polygenic

A

phenotypic characteristic caused by two or more genes

45
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

technique to amplify DNA

46
Q

probe

A

small DNA fragment to determine if the complementary sequence is present in a DNA sample

47
Q

protease

A

enzyme that breaks down proteins

48
Q

protein signature

A

set of uniquely expressed proteins in the diseased state

49
Q

proteome

A

entire set of proteins that cell type produces

50
Q

proteomics

A

study of proteomes’ function

51
Q

pure culture

A

growth of a single cell type in the laboratory

52
Q

radiation hybrid mapping

A

information obtained by fragmenting the chromosome with x-rays

53
Q

recombinant DNA

A

combining DNA fragments that molecular cloning generates that do not exist in nature; also a chimeric molecule

54
Q

recombinant protein

A

a gene’s protein product derived by molecular cloning

55
Q

reproductive cloning

A

entire organism cloning

56
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

enzyme that can recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences

57
Q

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

A

variation between individuals in the length of DNA fragments, which restriction endonucleases generate

58
Q

reverse genetics

A

method of determining the gene’s function by starting with the gene itself instead of starting with the gene product

59
Q

reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

A

PCR technique that involves converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase

60
Q

ribonuclease

A

enzyme that breaks down RNA

61
Q

sequence mapping

A

mapping information obtained after DNA sequencing

62
Q

shotgun sequencing

A

method used to sequence multiple DNA fragments to generate the sequence of a large piece of DNA

63
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

A

variation between individuals in a single nucleotide

64
Q

Southern blotting

A

DNA transfer from a gel to a nylon membrane

65
Q

systems biology

A

study of whole biological systems (genomes and proteomes) based on interactions within the system

66
Q

Ti plasmid

A

plasmid system derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens that scientists have used to introduce foreign DNA into plant cells

67
Q

transgenic

A

organism that receives DNA from a different species

68
Q

variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs)

A

variation in the number of tandem repeats between individuals in the population

69
Q

whole-genome sequencing

A

process that determines an entire genome’s DNA sequence

BIO 208 (15 decks)

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