Cellular Respiration

Question 1

acetyl CoA

Answer 1

combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen

Question 3

anaerobic

Answer 3

process that does not use oxygen

Question 4

anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 4

process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen

Question 5

ATP synthase

Answer 5

(also F1F0 ATP synthase) membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

Question 6

Chemiosmosis

Answer 6

process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane

Question 7

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 7

(also Krebs cycle) series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells for extraction of energy from carbohydrates

Question 8

Dephosphorylation

Answer 8

removal of a phosphate group from a molecule

Question 9

Fermentation

Answer 9

process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen

Question 10

GLUT Protein

Answer 10

integral membrane protein that transports glucose

Question 11

Glycolysis

Answer 11

process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

Question 12

isomerase

Answer 12

enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer

Question 13

Krebs Cycle

Answer 13

(also citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after Hans Krebs, who first identified the steps in the pathway in the 1930s in pigeon flight muscles; see citric acid cycle

Question 14

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 14

production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen

Question 15

Phosphorylation

Answer 15

addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP

Question 16

Prosthetic Group

Answer 16

(also prosthetic cofactor) molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function of the protein

Question 17

Pyruvate

Answer 17

three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis

Question 18

Redox Reaction

Answer 18

chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

Question 19

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Answer 19

production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant

Question 20

TCA cycle

Answer 20

(also citric acid cycle) alternate name for the citric acid cycle, named after the group name for citric acid, tricarboxylic acid (TCA); see citric acid cycle

Question 21

Ubiquinone

Answer 21

soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third