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BIO 208 > Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Cell Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Binary Fission

A

prokaryotic cell division process

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

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3
Q

Cell Cycle

A

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

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4
Q

Cell Plate

A

structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

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5
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoint

A

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

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6
Q

Centriole

A

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

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7
Q

Centromere

A

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

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8
Q

Chromatid

A

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

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9
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

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10
Q

Condensin

A

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

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11
Q

Cyclin

A

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with cyclin-dependent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins; the concentrations of cyclins fluctuate throughout the cell cycle

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12
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

A

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

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14
Q

Diploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

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15
Q

FtsZ

A

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

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16
Q

G0 Phase

A

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide

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17
Q

G1 Phase

A

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

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18
Q

G2 Phase

A

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

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19
Q

Gamete

A

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

20
Q

Gene

A

physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

21
Q

Genome

A

total genetic information of a cell or organism

22
Q

Haploid

A

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

23
Q

Histone

A

one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

24
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

25
Q

Interphase

A

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

26
Q

Karyokinesis

A

mitotic nuclear division

27
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

28
Q

Locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

29
Q

Metaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

30
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

31
Q

Mitosis

A

(also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

32
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

33
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

34
Q

Nucleosome

A

subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

35
Q

Oncogene

A

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

36
Q

Origin

A

(also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

37
Q

P21

A

cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

38
Q

p53

A

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

39
Q

Prometaphase

A

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

40
Q

Prophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

41
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

42
Q

Quiescent

A

refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

43
Q

Retinoblastoma Protein (Rb)

A

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

44
Q

S Phase

A

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

45
Q

Septum

A

structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

46
Q

Telophase

A

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

47
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division

BIO 208 (15 decks)

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