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BIO 208 > Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

A

type of secondary protein structure formed by folding the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

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2
Q

amino acid

A

a protein’s monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

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3
Q

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

A

secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen bonding forms “pleats” between atoms on the polypeptide chain’s backbone

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4
Q

biological macromolecule

A

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

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5
Q

carbohydrate

A

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods’ cellular exoskeleton

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6
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide that comprises the plants’ cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

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7
Q

chaperone

A

(also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

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8
Q

chitin

A

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell walls

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9
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

(also, condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed

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10
Q

denaturation

A

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure

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11
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

double-helical molecule that carries the cell’s hereditary information

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links

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13
Q

enzyme

A

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

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14
Q

glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate in animals

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15
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule

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16
Q

hormone

A

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

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17
Q

hydrolysis

A

reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water

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18
Q

lipid

A

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

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19
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis

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20
Q

monomer

A

smallest unit of larger molecules that are used to form polymers

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21
Q

monosaccharide

A

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

22
Q

nucleic acid

A

biological macromolecule that carries the cell’s genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cell’s functioning

23
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

24
Q

omega fat

A

type of polyunsaturated fat that the body requires; numbering the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end

25
Q

peptide bond

A

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

26
Q

phosphodiester
linkage

A

covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking neighboring nucleotides’ two pentose sugars

27
Q

phospholipid

A

membranes’ major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

28
Q

polymer

A

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

29
Q

polynucleotide

A

long chain of nucleotides

30
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link

31
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

32
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

33
Q

Protein

A

biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains

34
Q

purine

A

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines

35
Q

pyrimidine

A

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines

36
Q

quaternary structure

A

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein

37
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis

38
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes forming the peptide linkage

39
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

40
Q

secondary structure

A

regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue

41
Q

starch

A

storage carbohydrate in plants

42
Q

steroid

A

type of lipid comprised of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

43
Q

tertiary structure

A

a protein’s three-dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains

44
Q

trans fat

A

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those in naturally occurring lipids

45
Q

transcription

A

process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

46
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

47
Q

translation

A

process through which RNA directs the protein’s formation

48
Q

triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)

A

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

49
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

50
Q

wax

A

lipid comprised of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

BIO 208 (15 decks)

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