Gender Inequality

Question 1

Feminists argue

Answer 1

There a need for a feminist theory of development as theories of development are male stream.

Question 2

Women Stats

Answer 2

Women perform 66% of the world work, product 50% of the world food but earn 10% of the income and own 1% of the property. They are underrepresented in education politics and have poor nutrion and work longer hours.
In some cultures if you are woman it is ascribed meaning no social mobility.

Question 3

Carter

Answer 3

Argues that woman in developing countries often lack reproductive rights. Infant mortality rate is also higher in girls than boys in 13 countries statistic which are supported by accusation of infanticide.

Question 4

Tiano

Answer 4

Found 3 stances in the debate:m
Intergration thesis- Traditional values prevent gender development of women are not economically integrated.
Marginalisation thesis- colonialism creates gender inequality.
Exploitation thesis- Capitalism reinforces gender inequality.

Question 5

IT - reasons for underdevelopment

Answer 5

Internal cultural factors parsons describes the values of developing countries as backwards looking. Ascribed so prevents social mobility if women are not naturally inferior.

Question 6

IT-Van der Gaag

Answer 6

Chinese book of songs found that boys were celebrated and girls commiserated.

Question 7

IT-Asia

Answer 7

At least 60 million women are missing because of sex-selected abortion or abandoning baby girls.
Modernisation Theory would argue that low status of women is another obsercal to development because:
-Their potential is not realised
-Their status of mothers contributed to over population.

Question 8

IT-Solution

Answer 8

For contemporary mod improving position of women has become a major catalyst for development, they advocate
-Aid to fund education and increase new values
-TNC encouraged to offer women employment.
This should gradually modernise culture and integrate women into the mainstream.

(negatives of mod)

Question 9

MT- Social structures

Answer 9

The social structures and relationships where imposed under colonialism which continue during neocolnalism this is serves to marginalised women constricting them to domestics.
Capitalism= restricts women to the home and poverty is created by human action.

Question 10

MT-Illich

Answer 10

Argued that traditional societies were based on gender roles, although not strictly equal at least equitable.

Question 11

MT-Wallace and Abbortt found

Answer 11

Invading colonel powers found social arrangement “exotic” so replaced them with western notions of feminity.

Question 12

MT-Clarkson

Answer 12

Found study on SIOUX before colonialism they were martrialchal strong female basis but led to patriarchal structures of west.

Question 13

MT-Men left for work

Answer 13

Men and women used to do agricultural work but conaloism meant that men went to work and left women to double. Mod would said mens wages should “trickle down” but LEONARD argues in Africa this “breadwinner status” was unfamiliar so they see their money as their own not families.

Question 14

MT-Aid projects for women

Answer 14

They generally focus on men in fact only 3.4% of projects actively target women. So it has been concluded that aid is not gender neutral, rather its comes with values attached that are male dominated and orientated.

Question 15

MT- Positives/Negatives

Answer 15

They recognise that there is inequality and it isn’t natural and has been shaped by human actions.
Offers no solutions
Fails to regonise benefits of colonialism e.g. rights for women.

Question 16

ET- Marxist feminist

Answer 16

Inequalties have produced because capitalism needs women to be exploitable, 90% of factory workers are women as they are cheap and docile.

Question 17

Francis

Answer 17

Survyed free trade zones in Tiger and found that in these regions of poor health and safety to attract TNC 85% are women working manual, unskilled and repetitive labour.

Question 18

Mies

Answer 18

Support this saying underdeveloped countries are complicated in the process with governments acting like pimps offering women to TNC. Malaysian advert.

Question 19

Usfulness

Answer 19

Highlights how women are especially exploitation by TNC, blames cap not values.
No solutions.
But TNC can offer good things for women, no reliance.
Doesn’t looks at exploration of men.

Question 20

Leghorn and Parker

Answer 20

Looked at the position and status of women in any society, 3 part typology.
-Minimal power- Poorest counties (ethiopa) No control over reproductive rights and violence against women.
-Token power-(UK) some improvements but womans status is secondary to men - glass ceiling.
-Negotiating- Traditional societies, sioux women have control.
Both majority and Minorty have issues.

Question 21

Van der gaan

Answer 21

Found that there has been improvement in the past 20yrs but there are brutal facts women still have very little power, 70% of those in poverty are women and 2/3 illiterate.
(MICROCREDIT)