Gender inequality 20 marker SI Flashcards
horizontal segregation
inequality in the workplace
different sectors of employment are dominted by either male or female workers
Barron and Norris - dual labour market
inequality in the workplace
- women are more likely than men to be in low secondary status jobs eg cleaning
what percentage is the gender pay gap?
15%
vertical segregation
gender inequality in senior positions in the workplace
within job sectors there is a gender difference in who occupies the most senior positions
Femininists - glass ceiling
gender inequality in senior positions in the workplace
- women can see the top jobs but restrictions or discrimination create barriers that prevent women getting into them
- eg Equality act 1970 makes sex discrimination illegal
McIntosh
gender inequality in senior positions in the workplace
In his study of nursing, he found that motherhood comes with a ‘career penalty’. Women are denied career opportunities because of the stereotypes associated with them.
Wilson
gender inequality in senior positions in the workplace
Found that a relative lack of access to networking opportunities was a barrier to women’s career advancement.
Equal pay
discrimination - equal pay
Refers to men and woen being paid the same amount of money for doing the same amount of work
The Equal Pay act 1970
discrimination - equal pay
- still thousands of cases of unequal pay
- BBC
BBC
Samira Ahmed
discrimination - equal pay
Took the BBC to a tribunal as she was getting paid less than a male presenter doing the same job.
Mac an Ghail - crisis of masculinity
decline in traditionally male jobs
male disadvantage in the workplace
- boys are socialised into seeing their role as being the ‘breadwinners’
- but decline in manufacturing industry
- significant negative impact on the employment prospects of w/c and older males
- failure to be the ‘breadwinner’ncan lead to mental health issues
Gray 2006
stereotypes in the workplace
male disadvantage in the workplace
found that many fathers would like to spend more time with their children but they face pressures to work long hours
Shared parental leave is now available but only 2% of men actully use it
the second wave of feminism in 1970 helped to challenge gender roles within the family by…….
causing an increase in the number of women in paid employment
Oakly - dual burden
gender inequality in families
Many women now work in paid employment like men but are also undergoing the burden of having to do housework
duncombe and Marsden developed the idea of dual burden
gender inequality in families
Women work a tripple shift
- finish shift work
- Return home for housework
- Emotional work (giving love, understanding, praise and attention to other family members)
They interviewd 40 couples and found that many women felt as though their emotion work kept the relationship functioning. Whereas most men believed that their role in the family relied on money.
Gerusfy - lagged adaptation
gender inequality in families
- womens roles have changed more quickly than mens
- women entered the workforce in large numbers
- next generation likely to see more men take part in household chores and childcare
The ONS crime figures for 2021 suggest …..
victimisation - female disadvantage (crime)
- women make up 73% of domestic abuse victims
- sexual offences to women are extremely high
This leads to a wide range of disadvantages such as physical/mental health problems and fear. For example, the murder of Sarah Everard show how women are afraid to walk alone at night.
Messerschmidt - hegemonic masculinity
offending - male disadvantage (Crime)
- emphasises competitive individualism, aggression and violence in relation to authority and control
- young w/c males may ‘do masculinity’ by being violent and earning that reputation
Mosher - hypermasculinity
offending - male disadvantage (Crime)
young w/c males assert their dominance by carrying guns and joining gangs
Archer
educational achievement
Studied anti-education n&v in boys in inner city Londn. Laddish behaviour was a particular issue among boys
Mac an Ghail
educational achievement
Identified the subculture of ‘macho lads’ where extreme forms of behaviour such as bullying academic achievers showed the anti-school n&v
Hannan
educational achievement
Suggests that girls relate to one another by talking, which means that girls develop language skills earlier than boys
Burns and Bracey
educational achievement
Found that girls put more effort into homework than boys
