Ethnic inequalities 40 marker SI Flashcards
marxism
- immigration serves the needs of the capitalist class for labour
- ethnic tensions used to divide workers for ease of control
- capitalism prefers conflict between ethnic groups as it is beneficial dor the ruling class
Humans rights pulse - modern day slavery
marxist
- factory workers in boohoo experience poor working conditions
- 20% of workers at managerial level are paid close to national minimum wage
- most workers paid £3/an hour
the morecambe bay tragedy
marxist
- CHinese cockle picekrs drowned after being trapped by sweeping tides while working
- 21 bodies were recoverd form the bay
- working illegally in Lancashere
castels and kosack - the scapegoating of immigration
marxist
- immigrants concentrated in low-skilled, low-paid manual jobs
- immigrants blamed by some white british for problems such as unemployment and housing shortages
- allows ruling class to divert attention from real cause ie capitalism
cox - racism and capitalism
marxist
- racism originates in capitalism
- racism was socially constructed by the ruling class in order to justify the exploitation of ethnic groups for economic gain
- if capitalism was not developed, then the world would never have experienced racism
evaluation of Cox
marxist
simplistic views - difficult to prove that racism is capitalist ideology
does not treat race as an important factor - many interested ine conomy differences, labelled ‘race blind’
evaluation of Castels and Kosack
marxist
mistaken belief that all ethnic minorities in UK are disadvantaged eg there are over 5000 muslim millionaires
Miles 1989
marxist
- racism was originally used to justify exploitation
- but at end of colonialism, the biological groupings having different levels of superiority was replaced with nationalism
……….
Miles - class and status (influenced by weberianism)
marxist
- they should be used alongside each other to explain racial inequality
- class position of ethnic minorities is confusing as white society treat them socially and culturally different
- some EM may stress own uniquness eg African-Caribbeans ‘black power’ through rastafarianism
- as a result, EM become members of ‘radicalised class fractions’
Miles - White middle class’s opinion on EM entering proffessional jobs
marxist
may not accept that they are of the same status
Evaluation of Miles
marxist
Downplays possible cooperation between both groups in trade union movements, where people work together to ensure their rights as workers
Who can you use for class?
weberianism
Barron and norris - dual labour market theory
Heath and Cheung - pakistanis overrepresented in low-skilled jobs
Who can you use for party?
weberianism
Barron and Norris - trade unions are white dominated
- favouring white workers and not black workers
Who can you use for status?
weberianism
Parkin - EM are negatively priviledged status groups, white can operate social closure and EM cant
Rex and Tomlinson - EM both class and status inequality lead to poverty-stricken black underclass
postmodern feminism
bell hooks - women of different ethnicities and classes have been neglected by mainstream feminism eg women of colour experience racial and sexual discrimination, which is ignored
Patterson’s host immigrant model
functionalist
- value consensus of host countries will be challenged by arrival of immigrants
- culture clash with racism and discrimination as hosts feel threatened by immigrants ‘alien culture’
- based on understandable fears of a threat to social order and job insecurity
- lack of assimilation to host culture
- optimistic that immigrants would eliminate their ‘old’ values
Parson’s ideas on meritocracy
functionalists
- some minority ethnic groups (Indian and Chinese) do better educationally and proffessionally
- suggesting that racism or discrimination is not present within the education system or the labour market
- meritocracy - hard work gets rewarded
Who support Parsons and what do they say?
functionalists
Francis and Archer - among others
- educational excellence and hard work encouraged within an ethnic group explains their outcomes
- chinese focus
- blame for negative outcome lies within their own cultural attitudes rather than lack of opportunities or discrimination
Murray - cultural deprivation and the underclass
new right
- ‘illegitimacy, violent crime, and drop out from the labour force’
- illegitimacy means young single mums relying on benefits
- these children are socialised into a dependancy culture thus explaining negative outcomes
- African Americans more likely to have children out of wedlock and women to be sole carers
evaluation of Murray
new right
- ignored economic divisions that lead to the creation of the underclass
- unsympathetic to underclass by blaming them for their situation
Sewell - black masculinity
supports new right arguments
- hihg proportion of african-caribbean boys raised in lone parent families
- 2001, 57% compared to 25% of white families
- many black boys lacked male role model making them more vulnerable to peer pressure
- some drawn into gangs
- black masculinity is formed and reinforced through media with ganster rap
evaluation of Sewell
supports new right arguments
- contraversial as blames black people for inequalities
- blames black fathers for desserting families
