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Block 2 > Gender & Ethnicity > Flashcards

Gender & Ethnicity Flashcards

1
Q

Define sex

A

Biological & physiological characteristics that are used to categorise people as male or female

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2
Q

Define gender

A

Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities & attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males & females

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3
Q

What is heteronormativity?

A

Society’s assumption that relationships between the opposite binary sex individuals (heterosexuality) are the norm of default

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4
Q

Are sex and gender binary categories?

A

They used to be but now this is not so clear cut anymore as there is a spectrum

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5
Q

Define gender identity

A

Internal sense of one’s own gender

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6
Q

What is a simple thing you can do to respect a person’s gender identity?

A

Getting the pronoun right e.g. she/he/they (don’t just use their sex)

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7
Q

Define transgender

A

Umbrella term for people whose gender identity differs from the sex/gender they were assigned at birth

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8
Q

Define sexual orientation

A

A person’s physical, romantic, emotional or other form of attraction to others

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9
Q

What is the difference between men and women’s mortality?

A

Women live longer than men

Death rates for males higher at all stages of lifecourse

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10
Q

What is the pattern for morbidity rates seen across the population as a whole?

A

Few differences for many diseases when socio-economic differences are controlled for

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11
Q

What is the difference in morbidities between men and women?

A

Women spend a greater proportion of lives in poor health & with disability

Higher mental illness rates amongst women

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12
Q

How can sex/gender differences in health be explained?

A
  • Biological explanations?
  • Differences in health behaviour?
  • Gender roles & exposures?
  • Use of & access to health services?
  • May be different explanations for men & women’s health patterns
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13
Q

What are some of the possible biological explanations for sex/gender differences in health?

A
  • Boys more vulnerable in infancy (prematurity/mortality/bigger/genetic differences/chronic conditions)
  • IS differences (women’s IS > men’s but more prone to autoimmunity)
  • Hormone differences
  • CV reactivity (> in men due to real-world stressors but > women due to other stressors)
  • Neuroendocrine response (stress affects this too)
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14
Q

What are some patterns of health behaviour in men?

A
  • Higher smoking rates
  • Consume more alcohol
  • Higher rates of hospital admission for alcohol-related problems
  • Strong association with heavy drinking, depression & suicide in men
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15
Q

What are some patterns of health behaviour in women?

A

Lower smoking rates but more difficulty quitting (linked to working/caring roles)

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16
Q

What shapes health behaviour patterns?

A

Social & economic contexts

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17
Q

What type of gender inequality exists today?

A
  • Pay gap of 10%
  • Slightly higher rates of poverty amongst women e.g. long mothers/pensioners
  • Work environments improved for men + women but accidents higher for men still
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18
Q

What damages girls/womens health globally?

A

Gender inequality

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19
Q

What are gendered roles & exposures?

A

How social roles & experiences shape health

Expectations about males & females associated with health & other behaviours

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20
Q

What gender-sanctioned health/health-seeking behaviours exist in males?

A

Men’s health-related behaviours now viewed as means by which they demonstrate their masculinity (gain status as ‘men’) so often use ‘masculine-sanctioned’ coping behaviour to relieve stress despite potential damaging circumstances

21
Q

Why are men at higher risk of accidents?

A

Due to exposure via work, driving & risk-taking

22
Q

What type of work is more women-orientated? How can this affect health?

A

Caring

Associated with physical & mental ill-health

23
Q

What can occur as a result of gendered social experiences?

A

Biological embedding (roles -> stress -> health behaviours -> biology)

24
Q

What types of diseases are perceived as ‘male’ or ‘female’ orientated? How could this affect health?

A

Men: CVD

Women: depression & anxiety

25
Q

What gender are more likely to visit the doctor? Why?

A

Women

Perhaps they get more comfortable visiting Dr at early age due to reproductive issues

26
Q

What is the problem in identifying CHD as a ‘mans disease’?

A

Men & women have different underlying causes

Women have different symptoms to men (websites/adverts advertise men’s common symptoms)

= women less likely to recognise own symptoms waiting longer to call ambulance/Drs can fail to identify it causing underdiagnoses & death

27
Q

What are the differences between the cause & symptoms of CHD in men and women?

A

High cholesterol + HBP causes in men whilst diabetes play a bigger role in women

Symptoms in men more likely to be chest pain whereas women may have no pain but nausea, vomiting, jaw pain & back pain for e.g.

28
Q

Why is there a difference in cancer between genders?

A

Prostate cancer: men only (biological difference rather than inequality)

Breast cancer: higher rates in women (biological difference not inequality) BUT lower survival rates in men (gender inequality)

29
Q

What is race?

A

Historical term used to argue existence of biological differences between populations based on skin colour & head size for e.g. - support argument that white people with specific bone structure more superior

BUT populations physically & genetically more similar than different so discredited term

30
Q

What are the 2 common characteristics that separate one ethnic group from another?

A
  1. Long shared history, of which the group is conscious as distinguishing it from other groups & memory of which keeps it alive
  2. Cultural tradition of its own, including family + social customs/manners often associated with religious observance
31
Q

How diverse is the UK population?

A

Large-scale migration common since the late 1940s & has increased over last 10 years more so

= variety of ethnic groups

32
Q

What are the ethnic inequalities in health? Give a couple of examples.

A

Ethnic minorities have poorer health generally than white majority population although poorer health outcomes/experience not uniform

E.G. higher infant mortality rates & self-reported health lower

33
Q

What is the difference in type 2 diabetes diagnosis with regards to ethnicity in comparison to the white population?

A

South Asian: 6x more likely than white population & likely to develop it 10 years earlier

African/African-Carribbean descent: 3x more likely than white population

34
Q

Why are there ethnic inequalities in health?

A
  • Genetic/biological
  • Cultural
  • Migration
  • Social deprivation
  • Racism
35
Q

How could genetic/biological factors explain ethnic inequalities in health?

A

Based on ‘genetic homogeneity’ where ethnicity & ancestry used as proxy for genetic risk

36
Q

What are the advantages & disadvantages of using genetic/biological factors to explain ethnic inequalities in health?

A

Based on outdated biological concept of ‘race’

Some congenital abnormalities & haemoglobinopathies influenced by genes but ethnicity not always helpful in identifying at risk groups

Epigenetics

Genes/biology cannot explain all ethnic health inequalities

37
Q

Define epigenetics

A

Genes affected by environment

38
Q

How can health behaviour & cultural explanations explain the ethnic health inequalities?

A

Locates poorer health of minority groups in nature of what it is to be a member of that group so often focuses on health beliefs/behaviours (e.g. smoking, diet & exercise)

However, can be seen as victim-blaming

39
Q

Give an example of a health behaviour influencing the health of a ethnic group.

A

Asian rickets caused by high rates of CHD due to deficient South Asian diet & high ghee content of some Asian diets

Whilst smoking rates for women are very low

40
Q

How can migration explain ethnic health inequalities?

A

Migrants selected based on having better health than original population but tends to revert to mean standard of population health -> relative decline in health compared to health of destination country

Stressful experience of migration/settling in (mental health)

‘Salmon Bias’phenomenon

41
Q

What is the ‘Salmon Bias’ phenomenon?

A

People returning home when ill could artificially reduce mortality rate of migrant populations

42
Q

How can social deprivation explain ethnic health inequalities?

A

Inequalities reflect broad pattern of socio-economic inequality among minority groups (Nazroo theory)

Socio-economic factors more important than other factors as affects access to health resources e.g. housing, food, exercise etc.

43
Q

How are ethnic minorities usually socially deprived? What will this effect?

A

More likely to live in deprived neighbourhoods

Higher unemployment rate

= poorer paid jobs/no job & lower income/no income affecting access to health resources

44
Q

Define racism

A

Conduct/words/practices that disadvantage people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin

Daily experience for many ethnic minority groups & its just as damaging in subtle AND overt forms

45
Q

What is direct racism?

A

People treated less favourably because of their ethnicity or religion

46
Q

What is indirect racism?

A

People unaware their actions are undermining position of people from ethnic minority groups

47
Q

What is institutional racism?

A

Collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate & professionals service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin - seen/detected in processes, attitude & behaviour which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness & racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people

48
Q

How can racism cause ethnic health inequalities?

A

Lived experience of racism vital to understanding what contributes to health inequalities

Direct racism & harassment can cause health inequality

Indirect racism can affect health e.g. fear of racism creating worry & stress which can damage health too

49
Q

How can healthcare explain ethnic health inequality?

A

Lack of responsive service provision for some ethnic minority groups (services need to be sensitive to culture & religion)

Block 2 (45 decks)

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