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Sociology 100 > Gender and Sexuality (Lecture 20&21) > Flashcards

Gender and Sexuality (Lecture 20&21) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sex

A

Distinguished by biological features (eg: chromosomes, ‘male’ and ‘female’)

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2
Q

Gender

A

Social and cultural ideas of ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ behaviour

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3
Q

Vertical Differentiation

A
  • Related to place in a hierarchy, or position of authority

* Men likelier to be managers, supervisors; women= less autonomy

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4
Q

Horizontal Differentiation

A
  • Related to differences in careers of comparable prestige and pay
  • Police officers, builders mostly men’ social workers, HR mostly women
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5
Q

Earning Gaps

A

Difference between average wage of women and of men, especially as seen when they do the same job

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6
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

Unofficial barrier to female promotion; whilst no rules forbid it, women often not promoted beyond a certain level, and blocked from rising

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7
Q

Sexual Harrassment

A
  • Any form of bullying, pressure, intimidation focused on gender or sexuality of victim
  • Constant comments on appearance, or unwanted sexual pressure
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8
Q

Unpaid Labour

A
  • Work necessary for the family to operate and still predominantly carried out by women
  • Includes housework, childcare, domestic work
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9
Q

Second Shift

A

Women are often expected to do a full-time job but also a ‘second’ job of housework– whilst their husbands relax on getting home

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10
Q

Emotional Labour

A
  • The ‘work’ we have to do to control emotions and bring out the socially-accepted response, showing you ‘feel’ what you’re meant to feel
  • Refers predominantly to jobs in which you ave present a certain positive emotion to customers
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11
Q

Double Ghetto

A

Women are exploited and excluded both AT HOME (where they must perform free labour) and AT WORK (where they’re often in low-paid, low-status, temporary jobs).

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12
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice against one sex, belief that one sex is ‘superior’ in certain ways, or discrimination in favour of one sex. May include misogyny (hatred of women)

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13
Q

Patriarchy

A
  • In the context of feminist theory, refer to the structures or systems of male domination
  • Simply by virtue of gender, women are placed in relations of subordination and domination
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14
Q

Relations in State

A

Males dominate legislature; laws often have gender specific effects’ state reinforces male hegemony in civil society

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15
Q

Mode of Production

A

Women’s production took place in the household historically; focused on REPRODUCTION, not production

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16
Q

Relations in Paid Work

A

Women earn less than men, they do less paid and more unpaid work and they do different jobs

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17
Q

Relations in Sexuality

A

Female sexuality is treated as problematic– ‘the virgin or the whore’– in ways male is not

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18
Q

Relations in Cultural Institutions

A

Women are socialized in ways different from men; they learn gender-specific roles, defining femininity and masculinity in specific ways

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19
Q

Male Violence

A

Women are victims of rape, sexual assault, harassment, wife-beating; such crimes are not always punished

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20
Q

Legal Personality

A
  • Recognition in law that you have rights and obligations of bringing legal cases to court etc..
  • Historically, women didn’t have legal personhood– subject to coverture by husband
21
Q

Suffrage

A

The right to vote, historically denied to women

22
Q

Liberal Feminism

A
  • Gender inequality is about LEGAL rights and political freedom
  • If women have legal equality, access to education and employment, problem solves itself
23
Q

Marxist feminism

A
  • Gender inequality is like CLASS, based on male ownership of property
  • Transformation of capitalist system to communism removes male power
24
Q

Radical Feminism

A
  • Men as a group always and inevitably benefit from domination of women, especially control of sexuality
  • Direct action is necessary; possible dissociation from males completely
25
Q

Socialist Feminism

A
  • Criticizes both class (like Marxists) and control of sex (like radical feminism)
  • Action is needed in a number of areas to counter patriarchy
26
Q

Intersectionality

A

The interplay of gender, race, class, sexuality and other forms of inequality to create unique intersections of oppression

27
Q

First- Wave Feminism (19th, early 20th century)

A
  • Focus on DE IURE form of inequality; legal exclusion of women, lack of political and economic rights
  • Removed legal barriers to women in politics, economy, and society. Won women legal rights
28
Q

Second-Wave Feminism (1960s-1990s)

A
  • Focus on DE FACTO inequality; position of women in workplace or family, violence against women etc..
  • Won reproductive rights, protections, equality laws in workplace, outlawing of marital rape
29
Q

Third-Wave Feminism (1980s-present)

A
  • Emphasizes multiple experiences of female perspective, including class and race. Gender as performative, fluid
  • Aims at individual expression and self-definition; multiple perspectives, no single ‘womanhood’
30
Q

Sex Role Rigidity

A

Belief that male and female roles are ‘natural’ and thus unchangeable, so no blending possible

31
Q

Gender Regimes

A
  • Gender arrangements within smaller, localized settings (eg: family, school) rather than society as a whole
  • Describes how specific roles in these setting shave gendered connotations (eg: wife must cook)
32
Q

Gender Socialization

A
  • The way children are taught socially-approved gender roles and identities
  • Takes place in family, school, media etc..
33
Q

Essentialism

A
  • Belief in the unchangeable ‘essence’ or nature of something (eg: human nature)
  • Any differences between genders explained by suppose inherent features of women
34
Q

Gender Binarism

A

The general assumption that there are two and ONLY TWO possible manifestations of sex and gender; and that these are typically aligned

35
Q

Heteronormativity

A

The expectation that sex, sexuality, gender identity, and gender expression should be ‘identical’, ‘conventionally’ aligned and social systems or structures that promote this alignment

36
Q

Performativity

A
  • Our genders and sexualities are ROLES that we play, acting according to socially-defined ideas of ‘male and female’ not inborn or ‘natural;
  • Gender is non-binary; more than two possibilities
37
Q

Appearance Norms

A
  • Ideal standards of beauty in any society, to which we’re supposed to conform
  • Wide variation across societies
38
Q

Male Gaze

A
  • Imaginary male onlooker who always judges women by masculine standards
  • Conditions women to aspire to look good in the eyes of men
39
Q

Objectification

A

Treating or portraying other people like inanimate objects, there to be used like tools, with no regard to their interests

40
Q

Eternal Feminine

A
  • Supposed essence of ‘pure female’ described in often-directly-contradictory ways by various male writers
  • Treated as an almost magical quality
41
Q

The Other

A
  • In existential philosophy, the person you interact with as part of you self-realization
  • Existence of Other confronts you with own limits
42
Q

Slut Shaming

A
  • Aggressive criticism of displays of female sexuality not condoned by males
  • Particularly seen when blaming sexual assaults on the victims, for ‘asking for it’ by dress, behaviour etc..
43
Q

Sexual Double Standard

A

Typically, men are rewarded and esteemed for sexual promiscuity, whilst women are stigmatized for the same behaviour

44
Q

Homosociality

A

Socializing primarily or exclusively with people like you, particularly of the same gender

45
Q

Sexual Scripts

A

The ‘accepted’ way to behave in sexual situations from who makes the first move and to what happens in bed

46
Q

Paraphilia

A

Sexual attraction considered abnormal in any given society’ stigmatized and treated as abnormal or sign of illness

47
Q

Kinsey Report (1947)

A
  • Argued that Americans were much more sexually varied than previously believed
  • Found hitherto-unadmitted prevalence of stigmatized behaviour such as oral sex, infidelity, extramarital sex etc..
  • Introduced Heterosexual- Homosexual Scale of 0-6
48
Q

Social Organization of Sexuality (1994)

A
  • Argued that Americans were LESS sexually varied than Kinsey suggested; they still preferred monogamy in principle and practice
  • However, confirmed that sexuality is socially constructed; most people sleep with those of similar class/ background
49
Q

Biopower

A
  • Foucault’s term for modern society’s use of science to control our lives and reproduction, encouraging us to stay alive as good workers
  • Extends discipline to our very sexual organs

Sociology 100 (13 decks)

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