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Psychology > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Who does klienfelters syndrome affect

A

Biological males

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2
Q

What chromosomes do people with klienfelters have

A

XXY

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3
Q

What is a psychological difference seen in individuals with klienfelters syndrome

A

Lower average reading age

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4
Q

What is a physical difference in individuals with klienfelters syndrome

A

Breasts may develop
Reduced body hair
Long gangly limbs

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5
Q

Taylor et al (2000) found that women

A

Tend and befriend

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6
Q

Goddard 1917 found Iq to be

A

Fully genetic this led to the eugenic procedures in the 1920s whereby the feeble minded(lower IQ) were sterilised

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7
Q

What is androcentrism

A

When behaviour is judged to be normal when compared to male standards therefore women are viewed as abnormal or deficient

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8
Q

What is gender dysphoria

A

A sense of unease that a person may have because of a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity

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9
Q

What are sex role stereotypes

A

A standardised mental picture off gender differences in socially designated behaviours which represents an oversimplified opinion or uncritical judgment

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10
Q

Biological female chromosomes

A

XX

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11
Q

Biological male chromosomes

A

XY

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12
Q

Who divised the BSRI

A

Sandra Bem

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13
Q

What traits do the BSRI include

A

20 masculine, 20 feminine, 20 neutral (distractors)

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14
Q

What scale do BSRI participants rate themselves on

A

A 7-point likert scale

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15
Q

what does androgyny mean

A

The state of being neither female or male

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16
Q

Young (1966)

A

Male hormones given to female rats led to change in greater aggressive behaviour

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17
Q

Insel (2001)

A

Oxytocin promotes pair-bonding in praire voles

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18
Q

What is the name of stage 1 of kholbergs theory

A

Gender identity

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19
Q

What is the name of stage 2 of kohlbergs theory

A

Gender stability

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20
Q

What is the name of stage 3 of kohlbergs theory

A

Gender constancy

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21
Q

At what age does kohlberg propose that children are able to correctly identify their gender

A

2

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22
Q

At what age does kohlberg state that children are able to identify other people as boys or girls

A

3

23
Q

In gender identity do children view gender as fixed or not fixed

A

Not fixed

24
Q

At what age does kohlberg propose that children realise they will stay that gender for ever

A

4

25
Q

Are children in gender stability able to apply the fact that gender is constant to other people

A

No

26
Q

Children in gender stability are often confused by

A

External changes in appearance

27
Q

In gender stability do children believe that people change gender when the complete activités that the children associate with the opposite gender

A

Yes

28
Q

At what age does kohlberg state that children recognise other people’s gender is fixed and remains constant across time and situations

A

6

29
Q

In what stage do children no longer get fooled by external experiences

A

Gender constancy

30
Q

Who do children seek out when in gender constancy

A

Gender appropriate role models to identify with and imitate

31
Q

In what stage do children begin to have a tendency towards gender stereotyping

A

Gender constancy

32
Q

Once a child has fully developed and internalised concept of gender at the constancy stage they embark upon

A

An active search for evidence which confirms that concept

33
Q

What is gender schema

A

An organised set of beliefs and expectations related to gender that are derived from experience

34
Q

Gender schema guides a person’s understanding of

A

Their own gender and stereotypically gender appropriate behaviour in general

35
Q

What is an in group

A

A group of people that are the same sex as them

36
Q

At what age does the gender schema theory state that children develop and elaborate schema for both genders as opposed to just their own

A

8

37
Q

I group identity also serves to bolster the child’s levels of

A

Self-esteem

38
Q

Do children pay more attention to their in group or out group

A

In group

39
Q

Egocentrism Piaget

A

All children are egocentric until 6 or 7
Children acquire the notion that the properties of an object remain the same even when it’s outward appearance changes

40
Q

What experiment did Marcus and Overton (1978) carry out

A

Using a flip book, children were shown muddled pictures where hairstyles and clothing of a male and female character could be changed the children were then asked what gender they thought the character was

41
Q

What were the findings of Marcus and Overton (1978)

A

Younger children believed changing the clothes can change a persons sex
Older children understood that gender is constant and that changes in outward appearances do not influence whether someone is female or male

42
Q

What is the experiment that slaby and frey (1975) carried out

A

55 children between the ages of 2 and 5 divided into high and low gender constancy groups show a silent film
2 adult models one male one female carrying out stereotyped gender role activity screen was split
Children watched both films and eye movement and direction of gaze was recorded to assess which film they look at the most

43
Q

What were the findings of slaby and Frey (1975)

A

They found that the child that reached the highest level of gender constancy spent more time watching same sex models than those with low levels of gender constancy

44
Q

Bussey and bandura (1992)

A

Found that children as young as 4 reported feeling good about playing with gender appropriate toys and feeling bad about doing the opposite

45
Q

Rabban (1950)

A

Found that through questioning about gender that children’s thinking changes as they age
By three years most children demonstrated gender identity but did not have an understanding of what gender they would grow into
By five years 97% demonstrated gender stability

46
Q

McConaghy (1979)

A

Found that if a doll was dressed by its transparent clothing so it’s genitals were visible children of 3-5 years judged it’s gender by its clothes not its genitals supporting kohlbergs belief that children of this age use superficial characteristics to determine gender

47
Q

Sandra Ben (1989)

A

Demonstrated that 40% of children aged 3-5 were able to demonstrate constancy if they were shown a naked photo of the children to be Identified first (greater than judgements for clothes)

48
Q

Martin et al (2002)

A

Different degrees of gender constancy
1st degree may orient children to the importance of gender in choosing friends/ seeking information
2nd degree of constancy may increase children’s responsiveness to gender norms

49
Q

Martin and Halversons (1983)

A

Found that children under the age of 6 were more likely to remember photographs of stereotypical gender-appropriate behaviour than photographs of gender inappropriate behaviour when tested a week later
Children tended to change the gender of the person carrying out the gender inappropriate activity in the photographs when asked to recall them so that gender behaviour was now appropriate

50
Q

What experiment did Zolus et al (2009) carry out

A

A longitudinal study of 82 children looked at the onset of gender identity
Data was obtained from twice weekly reports from mothers on their children’s language from age 9-21 months alongside videotaped analysis of the children at play the key measure of identity was taken to be how and when children labelled themselves as boy or girl

51
Q

At what age did zolus et al (2009) find that children labelled themselves as boy or girl

A

On average 19 months alongside the time they learnt to communicate creating the idea that babies know their gender before they can communicate it

52
Q

What does kendra cherry (2019) argue

A

That gender schema not only influence how people process information but also what counts as culturally appropriate gender behaviour

53
Q

Hoffman (1998) reports that

A

children whose mothers work have less stereotyped views of what men do, suggesting that children are not entirely fixed in their views but are receptive to some gender-inconsistent ideas. The fact that gender schemas lead to misremembering or even distorting information has important implications for efforts to reduce gender stereotypes. It means that even when children are exposed to counter-stereotypes that don’t remember them accurately

Psychology (8 decks)

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