Gender

Question 1

Who does klienfelters syndrome affect

Answer 1

Biological males

Question 2

What chromosomes do people with klienfelters have

Answer 2

XXY

Question 3

What is a psychological difference seen in individuals with klienfelters syndrome

Answer 3

Lower average reading age

Question 4

What is a physical difference in individuals with klienfelters syndrome

Answer 4

Breasts may develop
Reduced body hair
Long gangly limbs

Question 5

Taylor et al (2000) found that women

Answer 5

Tend and befriend

Question 6

Goddard 1917 found Iq to be

Answer 6

Fully genetic this led to the eugenic procedures in the 1920s whereby the feeble minded(lower IQ) were sterilised

Question 7

What is androcentrism

Answer 7

When behaviour is judged to be normal when compared to male standards therefore women are viewed as abnormal or deficient

Question 8

What is gender dysphoria

Answer 8

A sense of unease that a person may have because of a mismatch between their biological sex and gender identity

Question 9

What are sex role stereotypes

Answer 9

A standardised mental picture off gender differences in socially designated behaviours which represents an oversimplified opinion or uncritical judgment

Question 10

Biological female chromosomes

Answer 10

XX

Question 11

Biological male chromosomes

Answer 11

XY

Question 12

Who divised the BSRI

Answer 12

Sandra Bem

Question 13

What traits do the BSRI include

Answer 13

20 masculine, 20 feminine, 20 neutral (distractors)

Question 14

What scale do BSRI participants rate themselves on

Answer 14

A 7-point likert scale

Question 15

what does androgyny mean

Answer 15

The state of being neither female or male

Question 16

Young (1966)

Answer 16

Male hormones given to female rats led to change in greater aggressive behaviour

Question 17

Insel (2001)

Answer 17

Oxytocin promotes pair-bonding in praire voles

Question 18

What is the name of stage 1 of kholbergs theory

Answer 18

Gender identity

Question 19

What is the name of stage 2 of kohlbergs theory

Answer 19

Gender stability

Question 20

What is the name of stage 3 of kohlbergs theory

Answer 20

Gender constancy

Question 21

At what age does kohlberg propose that children are able to correctly identify their gender

Answer 21

2

Question 22

At what age does kohlberg state that children are able to identify other people as boys or girls

Answer 22

3

Question 23

In gender identity do children view gender as fixed or not fixed

Answer 23

Not fixed

Question 24

At what age does kohlberg propose that children realise they will stay that gender for ever

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Are children in gender stability able to apply the fact that gender is constant to other people

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Children in gender stability are often confused by

Answer 26

External changes in appearance

Question 27

In gender stability do children believe that people change gender when the complete activités that the children associate with the opposite gender

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

At what age does kohlberg state that children recognise other people’s gender is fixed and remains constant across time and situations

Answer 28

6

Question 29

In what stage do children no longer get fooled by external experiences

Answer 29

Gender constancy

Question 30

Who do children seek out when in gender constancy

Answer 30

Gender appropriate role models to identify with and imitate

Question 31

In what stage do children begin to have a tendency towards gender stereotyping

Answer 31

Gender constancy

Question 32

Once a child has fully developed and internalised concept of gender at the constancy stage they embark upon

Answer 32

An active search for evidence which confirms that concept

Question 33

What is gender schema

Answer 33

An organised set of beliefs and expectations related to gender that are derived from experience

Question 34

Gender schema guides a person’s understanding of

Answer 34

Their own gender and stereotypically gender appropriate behaviour in general

Question 35

What is an in group

Answer 35

A group of people that are the same sex as them

Question 36

At what age does the gender schema theory state that children develop and elaborate schema for both genders as opposed to just their own

Answer 36

8

Question 37

I group identity also serves to bolster the child’s levels of

Answer 37

Self-esteem

Question 38

Do children pay more attention to their in group or out group

Answer 38

In group

Question 39

Egocentrism Piaget

Answer 39

All children are egocentric until 6 or 7 Children acquire the notion that the properties of an object remain the same even when it’s outward appearance changes

Question 40

What experiment did Marcus and Overton (1978) carry out

Answer 40

Using a flip book, children were shown muddled pictures where hairstyles and clothing of a male and female character could be changed the children were then asked what gender they thought the character was

Question 41

What were the findings of Marcus and Overton (1978)

Answer 41

Younger children believed changing the clothes can change a persons sex Older children understood that gender is constant and that changes in outward appearances do not influence whether someone is female or male

Question 42

What is the experiment that slaby and frey (1975) carried out

Answer 42

55 children between the ages of 2 and 5 divided into high and low gender constancy groups show a silent film 2 adult models one male one female carrying out stereotyped gender role activity screen was split Children watched both films and eye movement and direction of gaze was recorded to assess which film they look at the most

Question 43

What were the findings of slaby and Frey (1975)

Answer 43

They found that the child that reached the highest level of gender constancy spent more time watching same sex models than those with low levels of gender constancy

Question 44

Bussey and bandura (1992)

Answer 44

Found that children as young as 4 reported feeling good about playing with gender appropriate toys and feeling bad about doing the opposite

Question 45

Rabban (1950)

Answer 45

Found that through questioning about gender that children’s thinking changes as they age By three years most children demonstrated gender identity but did not have an understanding of what gender they would grow into By five years 97% demonstrated gender stability

Question 46

McConaghy (1979)

Answer 46

Found that if a doll was dressed by its transparent clothing so it’s genitals were visible children of 3-5 years judged it’s gender by its clothes not its genitals supporting kohlbergs belief that children of this age use superficial characteristics to determine gender

Question 47

Sandra Ben (1989)

Answer 47

Demonstrated that 40% of children aged 3-5 were able to demonstrate constancy if they were shown a naked photo of the children to be Identified first (greater than judgements for clothes)

Question 48

Martin et al (2002)

Answer 48

Different degrees of gender constancy 1st degree may orient children to the importance of gender in choosing friends/ seeking information 2nd degree of constancy may increase children’s responsiveness to gender norms

Question 49

Martin and Halversons (1983)

Answer 49

Found that children under the age of 6 were more likely to remember photographs of stereotypical gender-appropriate behaviour than photographs of gender inappropriate behaviour when tested a week later Children tended to change the gender of the person carrying out the gender inappropriate activity in the photographs when asked to recall them so that gender behaviour was now appropriate

Question 50

What experiment did Zolus et al (2009) carry out

Answer 50

A longitudinal study of 82 children looked at the onset of gender identity Data was obtained from twice weekly reports from mothers on their children’s language from age 9-21 months alongside videotaped analysis of the children at play the key measure of identity was taken to be how and when children labelled themselves as boy or girl

Question 51

At what age did zolus et al (2009) find that children labelled themselves as boy or girl

Answer 51

On average 19 months alongside the time they learnt to communicate creating the idea that babies know their gender before they can communicate it

Question 52

What does kendra cherry (2019) argue

Answer 52

That gender schema not only influence how people process information but also what counts as culturally appropriate gender behaviour

Question 53

Hoffman (1998) reports that

Answer 53

children whose mothers work have less stereotyped views of what men do, suggesting that children are not entirely fixed in their views but are receptive to some gender-inconsistent ideas. The fact that gender schemas lead to misremembering or even distorting information has important implications for efforts to reduce gender stereotypes. It means that even when children are exposed to counter-stereotypes that don't remember them accurately