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conditions > gen med: heart conditions and diabetes > Flashcards

gen med: heart conditions and diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what are arrythmias?

A

abnormal heart rhythm that is too slow, too fast or irregular

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2
Q

what are three types of atrial arrythmias?

A

ectopic
bradicardia
tachycardia

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3
Q

what is an ectopic heart beat?

A

extra heartbeat which occurs out of sync

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4
Q

what is bradicardia?

A

slow heartbeat <60 beats per minute

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5
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

fast heartbeat >100 beats per minutes

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6
Q

what are ventricular arrythmias?

A

uncommon, irregular beat of the ventricles but the rate in the atria is normal

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7
Q

what is aortic stenosis?

A

narrowing of the aortic valve caused by calcification –> partial restricted blood flow from the left ventricle into the oarta –> reduced cardiac output

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8
Q

what is postural hypotension?

A

drop in blood pressure, usually >20/10 mmHg (usually when standing up from seated position)

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9
Q

which virus causes glandular fever/ infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Bar virus

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10
Q

what are s&s of infectious mononucleosis?

A

fever
sore throat
lymphadenopathy
muscle and joint aches
fatigue
splenomegaly
tonsillar exudate
maculo-papular rash

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11
Q

what is myalgic encephalitis?

A

chronic fatigue syndrome

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12
Q

what are s&s of myalgic encephalitis?

A

fatigue
malaise
pain
cognitive problems
sleep dysfunction
immune or neurological autonomic symptoms
symptoms persist for at leasts 4 months

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13
Q

what is the mechanism behind hypertension?

A

increased cardiac output
increase in peripheral resistance

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14
Q

what are the possible treatments for hypertension?

A

beta blockers
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptors blockers reduce vasocontstrictions
calcium channel blockers
diuretics

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15
Q

what is congestive cardiac failure?

A

inability of the heart to adequately perfuse and oxygenate the body to maintain homeostasis

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16
Q

what are the most common symptoms in cardiac heart failure?

A

fluid retention (and oedema)
breathlessness
decrease in exercise intolerance

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17
Q

what is systolic dysfunction?

A

lack of ejection force

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18
Q

what is diastolic dysfunction?

A

lack of filling pressure

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19
Q

what are the s&s of left ventricle failure?

A

SOB
poor exercise tolerance
fatigue
nocturnal cough or wheeze
cold peripheries

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20
Q

what are the s&s of right ventricle failure?

A

oedema
nausea

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21
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen to the tissues

22
Q

what is the cause of anaemia?

A

decrease is red blood cells
decrease in RBC function
–> inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues

23
Q

which blood tests can be done to diagnose anaemia?

A

hemoglobin test
mean corpuscular volume
iron status
vit B12 folate

24
Q

what are possible signs of anaemia?

A

pallor (blood shunted away from skin and other organs)
tachycardia (heart trying to compensate for less effective blood)
exertional dyspnoea

25
Q

what is leukeamia?

A

cancer of cells in the bone marrow

26
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

27
Q

what is another name for white blood cells?

A

leukocytes

28
Q

which components do leukocytes consist of?

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils

29
Q

where are leukocytes (wbc’s) made?

A

in the bone marrow by stem cells

30
Q

what are the three main types of leukemia?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
chronic myeloid leukaemia
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

31
Q

what are the s&s of leukaemia?

A

anaemia
blood clotting problems
serious infections
lymphadenopathy
splenomegaly
pain in bones or joints
persistent fever
weight loss

32
Q

which tests are done to diagnose leukaemia?

A

full blood count
bone marrow sample
cell and chromosome analysis
lumbar puncture

33
Q

what is diabetes?

A

deficiency or diminished effectiveness of insulin

34
Q

what is the main function of insulin?

A

regulates the body’s energy supply by balancing micronutrient levels during the fed state

35
Q

which organ secretes digestive enzymes and produces insulin and glucagon?

A

pancreas

36
Q

what is diabetes type 1?

A

body fails to produce enough insulin due to destruction of beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans

37
Q

what is diabetes type 2?

A

the body become resistant to insulin
most common type

38
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A

pregnant women with high level blood glucose level during pregnancy

39
Q

what is maturity onset diabetes?

A

several forms of diabetes with impaired insulin secretion

40
Q

what are the most common causes of secondary diabetes?

A

pancreatic disease
medications (steroids)
endocrine disease

41
Q

what s&s do all types of diabetes present with?

A

polyuria and polydipsia (excessive thirst and urinary frequency)
lethargy (tiredness, fatigue)
boils (inflammation of hair collicles)
recurrent infections
blurred vision
numbness or tingling in feet

42
Q

what are typical s&s for DM1?

A

sudden weight loss
polyuria and polydipsia
dehydration
hyperventilation
ketonuria (high keton levels in urine)
–> symptoms are acute with short duration

43
Q

what are typical symptoms for DM2?

A

may be asymptomatic
polyuria and polydipsia
no weight loss
altered mental state
blurred vision
infections
neuropathy
ulcers
retinopathy (damage to blood vessels in the retina of the eye –> blindness)
arterial disease

44
Q

what are the diagnostic blood tests for DM?

A

random blood sugar level >11.1 mmol/l
fasting blood sugar level > 7.0 mmol/l
glucose tolerance test GTT > 11.1 mmol/l
hba1c (measures average blood sugar level over 2-3 months) normal value 6.5-7%

45
Q

what is the treatment for DM1?

A

insulin injections (2-4 times a day)

46
Q

what medication is used for DM2?

A

oral hypoglycaemic agents
metformin medicatoin
sulfonylurea

47
Q

what is hypoglycaemia?

A

low blood sugar level, its a common side effect of DM2 treatment

48
Q

what is the metabolic syndrome?

A

a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors whose underlying pathophysiology may be related to insulin resistance

49
Q

how and when do you diagnose someone with metabolic syndrome?

A

when 3 or more of the following are present:
large waistline
high triglyceride level
low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level
high BP
high fasting blood sugar

50
Q

what are s&s of peripheral neuropathy?

A

loss of pinprick touch, temperature and vibration sense in a glove and stocking distribution

51
Q

what is a diabetic amyotrophy/ proximal neuropathy?

A

nerve damage due to underlying diabetes

52
Q

what are s&s of diabetic amyotrophy/ proximal neuropathy?

A

asymmetrical wasting of muscles in the pelvis and thigh
back and knee pain
loss of quadriceps reflex
subtle sensory features

conditions (29 decks)

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