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Gen Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Individual cut offs FPT

Lombard et al 2020

A

Excellent = >25g/l
Good = 18-24.9
Fair = 10-17.9
Poor = <10

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2
Q

Herd level FPT thresholds

Lombard et al 2020

A

Excellent = >40% calves =>25g/L
Good = ~30%
Fair = ~20%
Poor = <10%

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3
Q

IgG levels colostrum and brix%

Buczinkski 2016

A

IgG>50g/L
Brix% good = > 22%
Poor = <18%

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4
Q

Pastuerisation

A

60C for 60min

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5
Q

Delaying colostrum intake

Fischer et al 2018

A

Decreased passive transfer
Decreased prevalence of beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium and lactobacillus spp)

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6
Q

What else is in colostrum

A

Maternal leucocytes = Calf immunity
microRNAs = immune system development (van hese 2021)
Growth factors - IGF insulin = mucosal growth and nutrient absorption stimulations
Oligosaccharides = decrease pathogen adhesion

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7
Q

Extended colostrum feeding benefits

A

Health - reduction of clinical score for diarrhoea. no effect BRD (local effect of IgG)
Growth - Higher ADG (additional nutrients, feed efficiency)

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8
Q

Environmental stress factors affect…

A

ME requirements increase **not CP requirements
Thermoneutral zone = 15-25C if calf is <21d
Calf +27%/+53%/+85% of ME at 10C/0C/-10C
Heat - +20-30% ME

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9
Q

High osmolality of milk replacer (up to 600mOsm/kg)

Milk should be ~300mOSM/kg

A

Decreased rate of abomasal emptying and absorption defects
Risk of bloat and or osmotic diarrhoea

  • mixing errors
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10
Q

Milk feeding alongside ORS during diarrhoea?

Payne and brennan 2020

A

Might help recover faster when compared to ORS alone
Weak evidence only

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11
Q

How to increase energy supply in complete milk replacer?

A

Increase lactose/replace lactose with glucose?
-Inc osmolality = osmotic d+
-No effect on growth
== adverse effects on calf health

Exchange lactose for inc fat
- High fat CMR - some weak evidence good for BRD. No effect on growth or feed intake
== good alternative

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12
Q

EU regulation

Calf water supply

A

ALL calves >2 weeks must have access to water or be able to satisfy their fluid intakes with other liquids. In hot weathers/sicks calves fresh drinking water must always be available

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13
Q

Feed conversion efficiency

A

Pre weaning = 55%

Weaning on conc intake!! - could be doing 2kg/day for no growth check post weaning (min 1.1-1.2kg) Aim of growth rate post weaning is 1.2kg/day as most efficient

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14
Q

Mycoplasma bovis - what AB are they resistant to and why?

A

Beta lactams - as no cell wall

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15
Q

M bovis - main clinical signs

List in order of frequency

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Arthritis
  3. Mastitis
  4. Otitis media
  5. Keratoconjunctivitis
  6. repro…
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16
Q

Sources of infection of m bovis - cow-cow and prevention

A

Milking parlour - hygeine between cows at milking
Milking mastitic cows last
Seperate group of positive animals

Semen can be a carrier - AB in extenders doesnt kill m bovis

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17
Q

Sources of infection of m bovis - cow-calf

Prevention methods

A

Milk feeding>colostrum feeding
-Pasteurisation 65C for 2min
-acidification pH>6 not effective
- minimise sharing equipment
- Disinfection

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18
Q

Sorting sexed semen - what is the % difference in DNA X and Y?

A

4% difference
X > Y

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19
Q

Why can you get a higher net return from sexed semen use?

A
  • Less dystocia
  • less post partum dz
  • Milk yeild higher (because of above)
  • Calf more valuable
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20
Q

FPT Thresholds (Lombard et al)

A

Serum IgG >25 g/l
TP>6.2 g/dL
Brix >9.4%

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21
Q

Live vaccines

A

Replicate as per disease
Can cause “disease like” symptoms
Create immune memory
Req less doses
Mutations possible

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22
Q

Inactived/killed vaccine

A

More frequent booster
No return to virulence
Adjuvants added
Tissue reactions possible
Less disease side effects

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23
Q

Marker vaccine - IBR

A

IgE gene deleted vaccine
If looking for wild type infection look for IgE
Live and inactivated versions available

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24
Q

Leptospirosis vaccination effect on shedding

A

Single vaccination prior to challenge can reduce shedding by 80-94%
Efficacy of vacc reduced by infection
Efficacy reduced in multivalent vaccines

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25
Q

Bovine respiratory disease vaccination efficacy improved by

A
  • Administering several weeks prior to challenge
  • Animals free of acute infection
  • Animals in a state of immunological homeostasis
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26
Q

When pre calving do you get the highest ab levels when giving rotavirus/coronavirus vaccination

A

9-4 weeks pre calving

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27
Q

BVD diagnosis of antibodies

A

Antibody detection ELISA = accurate, high throughput, can get inconclusive results which = “not neg”

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28
Q

What day is preg recognition required by

A

day 17/18
Otherwise PGF2a secreted

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29
Q

When is the LH peak

A

Standing oestrus
lasts for 18-20h (maybe less
12-18h later = ovulation

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30
Q

Metoestrus

A

Lasts 3-5 days
Luteal development
Corpus haemorrhagicum
Luteolysis impossible as no PGF2a receptors on CL
FSH creates follicular waves

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31
Q

Dioestrus

A

Mature CL producing progesterone
large luteal cells = granulosa cells, produce more P4 and have PGF2a receptors
small luteal cells = thecal cells, produce less P4 and have LH receptors
Dairy cattle- 2 follicular waves
beef cattle and heifers - 3 follicular waves

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32
Q

Luteolysis

A

If CL doesnt recieve IFN-tau signal = luteolysis starts with PGF2a from uterus via utero-ovarian pathway = death to large luteal cells + oxytocin release which has a positve effect on more PGF2a release from uterus

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33
Q

Dominant follicle characteristics

A

Increased follicular fluid, increase in oestradiol and inhibin = suppression of FSH
Inc responsiveness to LH and continued growth without FSH
Inc LH waves at time of DF selection

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34
Q

Oestrus

A

Average 8h duration
decreased time with increased milk production (14h 25l) (2.5h 55L)
Heifers 12-14h
Beef cows<8.5h

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35
Q

Post partum

A

follicular growth occurs during first 2 trimesters.
Late preg suppressed. When P4 and oestradiol drop at birth = resumption of cycles
DF by 7-10d PP normal cycles 15-45d dairy cows
Delayed 30-130 d PP for beef cows (LH suppression)

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36
Q

AI timing pedometer

A

12h after pedometer detected oestrus

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37
Q

Range of time for AI post oestrus signs

A

4-16h
no later than 10-12h post onset = ideal

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38
Q

Semen thawing time and temp

A

45sec at 35degrees (body temp)
Use within 10-15min

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39
Q

Ambient conditions and fertility

A

THI >70 = neg associations with fert

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40
Q

Bull service stats

A

90% pregnant/ 50 healthy cows in first 3 weeks

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41
Q

Repro dz spread by natural service

A

Trichomonas fetus
Venereal campylobacteriosis
Mycoplasma and ureaplasmae
IBR (latent carriers)
BVD (PI’s)

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42
Q

Risk factors for Metritis/endometritis

A

RFM
Trauma
Assisted calvings
NEB - affects immune system

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43
Q

Cyst formation

A

DF doesnt ovulate, LH supports DF causing persistance

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44
Q

Risk Factors for delayed ovarian cyclicity

A

Dystocia
Abnormal vaginal discharge
Concurrent dz
Severe NEB

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45
Q

RF for cystic ovarian disease

A

High milk production
Later parity

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46
Q

Non infectious causes of abortion

A

Nutritional - malnutrition/deficiencys
Toxic eg mycotoxins
Physical - trauma, pyrexia, twins
Stress
Genetic abnormalities

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47
Q

Infectious causes of abortion

A

Neospora - carriers and vertical transmission
Bacillus lichenformus
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
BVD
Salmonella
leptospirosis
IBR
Campylobacter

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48
Q

Lungworm diagnostics usng bulk milk tank

A

> 0.41 in August = higher risk of lungworm
2 consecutive samples 2 weeks apart = higher sens

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49
Q

Se and Sp of Baermans for lungworm

A

Sp = 100%
Se = can be as low as 7%
Better in first time infections

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50
Q

Benzimadazoles MOA

A

Beta tubulin inhibition = cell structure disruption and cell death

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51
Q

Imidazothiazole MOA

Levamazole

A

Nicotinic receptor agonists = spastic paralysis

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52
Q

Macrocyclic lactone MOA

A

Chloride channel agonists and some nicotinic receptor antagonists = flaccid paralysis

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53
Q

Anthelminic resistance in cattle in Europe

A

Cooperia and some ML resistance reported

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54
Q

Onset of immunity against endoparasites

A

Ostertagia = two grazing seasons
Cooperia = one grazing season
Dictyocaulus = 1-2months with repeat exposure needed
Fluke = No immunity

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55
Q

Fluke life cycle timings

A

20 week total life cycle - 8 weeks on pasture/in snail. 12 weeks in cattle

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56
Q

Lungworm lifecycle timeline

A

4 weeks total
1 week eggs- L4
3 weeks L4- adult in lungs

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57
Q

Roundworms life cycle time line

A

4 weeks =
3 weeks in cattle 1 week on pasture
***Encysted arrested development stage for ostertagia in late summer/autumn time in response to cooler ambient temp

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58
Q

3 steps to effective parasite control

A
  1. Grazing management
  2. Good nutrition
  3. Appropriate anthelmintic use
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59
Q

What drugs are effective against the encysted L4 ostertagia larvae?

A

Macrocyclic lactones
Benzimadazoles (variable efficacy)

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60
Q

What classes as “safe” pasture

A
  • Silage aftermath
  • Reseeded pasture
  • Mixed/follow on grazing
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61
Q

EMA Antimicrobial classification

Category A antimicrobials

What are they, example

A

AVOID
Ab not licensed for use in animal medicine, exceptional circ for companion animal medicine
eg
mycobacterial drugs
monobactams

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62
Q

EMA Antimicrobial classification

Category B antimicrobials

What are they, example

A

RESTRICT
Critically important antimicrobials in human medicine. Can only be used after sensitivity testing
eg. 3rd and 4th gen cephalosporins, polymixins, quinalones
Enrofloxacin, polymixin B, ceftiofur

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63
Q

EMA Antimicrobial classification

Category C antimicrobials

What are they and examples

A

CAUTION
Alternatives available in human medicine. Can be used when nothing in cat D effective
eg. Aminoglycosides (neomycin), amoxicillin and clavulonic acid

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64
Q

EMA antimicrobial classification

Category D antimicrobials

What are they and examples

A

PRUDENCE
1st line treatment option, avoid unessecary and prolonged use. Group treatment restricted
eg. Penicillin, tetracyclines

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65
Q

Impact of route of administration of antimicrobials

A

Least: Local individual (udder, eye)
Parental individual (IM/IV/SC)
Oral individual (bolus)
Injectable group
Oral group water/milk
Most: Oral group feed

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66
Q

% dehydration in calves by eyeball recession mm

A

Eyeball recession (mm) x 1.6 = %

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67
Q

% dehydration = IV fluid therapy

A
  • > 8% dehydration
  • > 4.5mm eyeball recession
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68
Q

Amount of bicarb (g) req by acidotic calf

A

= (BW x base deficit x 0.6)/12

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69
Q

% bicarb solution for buffering acidotic calf

A

1.3% (13g in 1 litre isotonic fluids)

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70
Q

Amount of glucose to add to hypoglycaemic calf IV fluid

A

= 20ml of 50% glucose per litre IV fluids

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71
Q

HH vs Strong ion difference

A

HH = simple, descriptive. Takes into account pCO2 and HCO3 only
SID = more complex, takes into account strong ions (NA/K/CL) and non volatile anions (lactate, albumin, TP) can be used when TP abnormal.

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72
Q

Main causes for strong ion acidosis

Constable

A

d-lactate/VFA production from fermentation of glucose and lactose in rumen/hindgut (eg rumen milk drinking)
Hyponatraemia due to diarrhoeal losses
hyperkalaemia (K+ movement out of cells into blood)
Intestinal bicarbonate loss

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73
Q

Henderson-Hasselback equation

A

pH = pK(6.1) + log[salt(HCO3-)]/[acid(H2CO3)]
pH dependant on the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarb
Normally = 1:20 carbonic acid:bicarb

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74
Q

Amount of fluid a dehydrated calf requires (L)

A

= BW(kg) x % dehydration

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75
Q

Recycled Manure solids (RMS)

A
  • Not allowed under EU reg (cat 2 byproduct)
  • UK has own reg
  • Cattle on own farm
  • > 34%DM
  • Cattle >12m
  • Cuilces only
    -Milk must be pasteurised
    Cows must not be on AB/DCT/quarantine
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76
Q

How long can Strep Uberis survive on straw bedding?

Sherwin

A

35days + (lab conditions)

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77
Q

Strep Uberis survival on sawdust?

Sherwin

A

<7 days

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78
Q

Key risk factor for increased CM and SCC from bedding?

A

Moisture content

79
Q

Staph aureus control mechanisms

A
  • Decrease new infections (milking time - hygeine, gloves, pre and post dipping))
  • Reduce resevoir of disease (strategic treatment and culling)
80
Q

Difference between Strep agalactae and Staph aureus

A

S. Alg = obligate intramammary palthogen
S Aur = can be found on skin, nose vulva and environment

81
Q

Reliable indicators for SCC

A
  • Annual milking machine checks
  • Milking order (strip dip dry apply)
  • Gloves
  • Auto cluster removal
  • Post milk teat disinfectant
82
Q

% acceptable for liner slip

A

Less than 5-10/100 cows milked

83
Q

What age animal has the better cure rates for staph aureus?

A

Young animals (60%)
Older animals (can be 1%)

84
Q

Milking order for staph aureus control

A

Healthy uninfected cows> unknown status cows> elevated SCC cows> Chronic contagious infected cows

85
Q

Serratia - method to improve control

A

Change to Iodine dip (can survive in chlorhex)
plus cull and segrgate inf

86
Q

Mycoplasma bovis survival and infection

A
  • No cell wall = Beta lactam resistant
  • Adhere = lipoproteins
  • Internalise= Hide from immune system (lymphocytes)
  • Immunomodulate = inhibits lymphocyte proliferation
  • Colonise
87
Q

General risk factors for mastitis

A
  • Parity - older cows more at risk of recurrence and less chance of cure
  • Hygeine - risk ratio = 1.4 for every 10% increase in cows with poor udder hygeine
  • Teat lesions - higher dry period inf rate
88
Q

Bedding mastitis pathogen predeliction

A
  • Straw =Highest streptococcal counts
  • Sawdust =Highest coliform counts
  • Manure solids = Bacterial counts cfr. sawdust, aim: 35% dry matter
89
Q

Staph aureus critical control points

A
  • Milking hygeine - pre and post disinfection, timing, gloves, towels
  • Segregation - milking order and housing
  • Introduction of new cattle - high health status, low clinical mastitis prevalence and low bulk muilk SCC
90
Q

California mastitis test Sp and Se

A

Detection of SCC >200,000
Sp77.7%
Se 94.5%

91
Q

Displaced abomasum cows blood workup

A

Hypochloraemia
Hypokalaemia
Metabolic Alkalosis
Dehydrated
Azotaemic

92
Q

Serum l-lactate and prognosis AV

A

< 2mmol/l = good sx prognosis
>5mmol/l = high probablilty of negative outcome

93
Q

Other drugs to give at DA sx

A

Erythromycin - 10mg/ml can help stimulate abomasal emptying
Ca
Electrolytes
Hypertonic IV fluids

94
Q

Antioxidative drugs to be given before AV sx

A

Vit C, Vit E, dexamethasone

95
Q

Contributing RF for DA development

A

Abomasal hypomotility
Concurrent disease
Decreased rumen fill (Could be 2ndary)
Periparturient abdominal organ placement
Genetic predisposition (deep chest)

96
Q

H somni properties

A
  • Commnesal of mucus membranes - nares, vagina and prepuce = MAIN SOURCE OF INFECTION
  • Recently weaned calves = most at risk
  • Septicaemia -> adherance to endothelium of vessels> contraction> platelets> thrombus > infarctions (pleural/myocardial/pericardial/synovial)
97
Q

CS H Somni

A

Depends on organ system involved
Sudden death may be first sign of problem.
* Pleuritic histophilus = found dead without tx
* Myocardial= Exercise intolerence, collapse and death if handled/moved
* Encephalitic = depression, recumbancy, hyperaethesia > death

98
Q

H somni PM findings

A
  • Fibrinous >fibrotic pleuritis +/- bronchopleumonia
  • Focal myocardial lesion (papillary muscle left ventricle) > scar tissue surrounds
  • Fibrinous> fibrotic pericarditis
  • Proliferative endocarditis
99
Q

Primary causes of a down cow

Mt Tid

A

Metabolic
Traumatic
Toxic
Infectious
Degenerative

100
Q

Downer cow categorisation

A

Primary = eg dystocia causing nerve damage
Secondary = primary cause as to why cow may be down now a secondary problem that cow cannot rise again
Alert = No signs of systemic dz, eating and drinking
Non alert= altered mentation

101
Q

Ketosis diagnosis

A

Cow side BHB = >1.2mmol/l = ketosis (if no clinical signs= subclinical)

102
Q

Salmonella invasion technique

A

Migrate to Lamina propria through microvilli of mucosal cells and tight junctions
Caus damage to mucosal cells = firinonecrotic plaques
Disrupts integrity of mucosal lining = leaky both ways (endotoxins in, plasma proteins out) => DIARRHOEA

103
Q

Salmonella carrier status

A

S dublin recovered animals = TRUE carrier status. Shed for life
S Typhimurium recovered animals = passive carrier status. Shed 3-16 weeks

104
Q

Salmonella - pathognomic PM finding in calves

A

Ulcerated bile ducts

105
Q

Salmonella serovar age prediliction

A

S typhimurium (brought in) = calves <2mo
S dublin (endemic) = Older calves and adults

106
Q

Blood transfusion calculations

A

Amount of blood desired = (desired % - current%) / HCT of donor x (0.08 x calf weight)

107
Q

Blood transfusion for FPT

A

20-40ml/kg whole blood

108
Q

Side effects of blood transfusions:

A

Tachypnoea = blood given too quickly (volume overload - throacic ultrasound)
Muscle weakness = Too much citrate - binds Ca == hypocalcaemia
Anapylaxs (shock symptoms) = allergy
Bradycardia = hyperkalaemia due to haemolysis of blood cells

109
Q

Anaplasmosis spp and diff

A

Anaplasma maginale
- found worldwide (southern europe only)
- Attacks erythrocytes
- 7-60d incubation
- CS on haemolytic anemia
- richencephalus tick

Anaplasma phagocytophilum
- zoonotic
- bigegr problem in Europe
- 5-14d incubation
- Attacks granulocytes
- CS on immunosuppression
- ixodes tick

PI form of both = resevoir of infection

110
Q

CS anaplasma maginale

A

Fever
Haemolyic anaemia
jaundice
pale MM
decreased milk
brown urine (not haemaglobinurea)
Wt loss
depression
late abortion
death

Inc TP, total bilirubin, ALT + haemolytic anaemia

111
Q

CS Anaplasma phagocytophilum

A

Fever
Anaemia
leukopenia
cough
immunosuppression
anorexia
dec milk
2dary inf
late abortions
still birth

Anaemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, inc AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine

112
Q

Babesia bovis

A

10d=3w incubation
More severe signs than other spp
Younger calves have some resistance to developing CS
Bos indicus have breed resistance
B divergens (UK) and B major EU

113
Q

Babesia CS

A

Acute dz from merozoites erupting from RBC = haemolysis and circulatory disturbances
Haemolytic anaemia
Icterus
Haemogobinuria
Depression
Anorexia
GI stasis
Tachycardia and dyspnea
“cerebral” babesia

PI form asymptomatic

114
Q

DDx for Babesia

A

Bacillary haemoglobinuria = C. Novyii type D (more fatal)
Anaplasma maginale (no haemaglobinuria)
Theileriosis (LN enlargement)

115
Q

Treatment for babesia

A

Imidocarb diproponate salt = protects for 4 weeks and can eliminate carrier animal infection

Care with contaminated blood products/mechanical contamination as a method of introduction into herd

Killed and live attenuated vaccines available

116
Q

DMI for dairy cows

A

Lactating dairy cows: 2.5% bwt + 10% milk yeild (20-25kg)
Close up dry: 2% bwt (12-15kg)
Far off dry: 1.5% bwt (8-10kg)

117
Q

Energy requirements for milk production

A

5MJ per litre of milk produced
Maintainance 75-80MJ (lactation and far off)
Maintainance close up dry 90-100MJ

118
Q

Dietary protein requirements

A

16-17% CP = milking cow ration
12% CP = dry cow ration

119
Q

Dutch 5 step foot trimming method

A

1 - Correct toe length (80mm Holsteins to a step) Stabelising claw (inner hind and outer front)
2 - match dynamic claw (outer hind, inner front)
3 - model solar ulcer site (deep and wide on dynamic claw, small on stabelising - only to prevent trapping of mud/faeces)
(1-3 = functional trim)
4 - relieve weight bearing from affected claw (with trimming and removal of horn +- applying a block)
5 - remove loose horn
(therapeutic trim)

120
Q

Staw yard space requirements dry cow

A

1.25m2/1000 litres milk produced

121
Q

THI calves

A

Begin monitoring 65-69%
Upper critical limit - welfare = compromised >78% THI
Significant heat stress >88% THI

122
Q

THI cows

A

57% - Oestrus behavious affected
65% - Conception rates affected
68% - Milk yields and quality affected
70% - behavioural indicators of heat stress

123
Q

Air changes per hour for calf ventilation

A

4 or more changes of air per hour

124
Q

LCT calves <2weeks

A

10-15C

125
Q

Wind speed

A

<0.5m/s
Energy loss will double at
wind speeds of 6.8m/s

126
Q

Inlet : outlet ventilated sheds

A

The inlet area, ideally split evenly across the two sidewalls, should be a minimum of twice the outlet area, and ideally four times the outlet area

127
Q

Digi derm score M0

A

Clean healthy foot, no signs of DD infection

128
Q

Digi derm score M1

A

Early stage of DD; a small, focal active, red-grey, circumscribed lesion less than 2 cm in diameter located in the skin of the interdigital cleft

129
Q

Digi derm score M2

A

Acute, bright red or red-gray ulcerative lesion a minimum of 2 cm in diameter and commonly observed on the skin of the plantar or dorsal interdigital cleft, along the coronary band, as well as around the dew claws and on interdigital hyperplasia. The M2 lesions are commonly sensitive to the touch, eliciting signs of pain and discomfort in affected cattle upon pressure applied to the wound. M2 lesions exude a typical DD-associated pungent odour.

130
Q

Digi derm score M3

A

Healing painless lesion, can be covered with a grey/black scab

131
Q

Digi derm score M4

A

Chronic hairy wart like lesion, non painful hyper/dys keratinisation. Well circumscribed

132
Q

Digi derm score M4.1

A

Chronic M4 lesion with new active lesion growing around edges

133
Q

Scoring and cycle of DD

A
134
Q

Which are the active lesions of DD

A

M1, M2 and M 4.1

135
Q

Sensitivity

A

Prop true pos identified correctly
number of test pos (true test pos) / number that have disease

136
Q

Specificity

A

Prop of true neg identified
Test neg (true test neg) / Number of disease free animals

137
Q

Predictive value

A

PPV= prop of animals with pos test that are diseased
NPV = prop of animals with a neg test that are disease free

Dependant on disease prevalence in population

138
Q

Full DCAB

A

-100-200 mEQ/kg DM
Anionic salts (MgCl/NH4CL)
Full TMR
Forage analysis for minerals
Urine pH monitoring (5.8-6.5) acidification

139
Q

Partial DCAB

A

+50-(-50) mEQ/kg DM
Makes use of low DCAB forages eg grains, wholecrop, 2nd/3rd cut silage, non fertilised pastures, concentrates
Plus some anionic salts - need MgCl whatever the ration
More palatable
Harder to monitor (urine pH variable and not as consistant to monitor)

140
Q

Low Ca diet pre calving

A

Aim for <20g/day? (at least <50g/cow/day)
Calcium binders eg zeolite - bind Ca to prevent GI absorption
Hard to do without binders as most forages are high in Ca
Primes body mobilisation of Ca

141
Q

Calcium homeostasis

A

PTH, Vit D3, Calcitonin
PTH and vit D - elevate calcium levels - mobilise body stores, increase GI absorption and decrease renal excretion
Calcitonin lowers through increased renal excretion
Magnesium required for Vit D metabolism and PTH levels

142
Q

Risk factors for hypocalcaemia

A
  • Age/lactation number - >3 lactations (4yo) = inc risk - lower number of vit D receptors, inc milk yeild, less osteoclasts
  • Breed - Jerseys > HF = Inc milk yeild, genetic predisposition
  • Genetics/heritability
  • Milk yeild
  • High Ca pre calving
  • Low magnesium in diet
  • Lameness
  • High K+ diet
143
Q

Hypomagnesaemia

A

Lack of Mag in diet
Decreased absorption from GI tract and incraesed output (eg milk)

60-70% = skeleton bound

RF = Poor quality grass, high K+ fertilised pasture, Lush new spring grasss (high in K+), Milk in late weaned calves, D+ can exacerbate (less absorption time)

144
Q

Magnesium sampling for hypomag

A
  • Plasma = decfreased is not always associated with clinical signs
  • CSF = good diagnostic indicator
  • Urine = sensitive but no use PM
  • Aqueous humour = Diagnostic up to 24h post death
  • Vitreous humour = Good for chronic dx and up to 48h post death
  • Calf bone = excellent for Ca:Mg ratio >70:1, Impractical generally
145
Q

Bull scrotal curcumference

A
  • > 24m = >34cm
  • 15-18m = 31cm
146
Q

Benefits of AI vs NS

A

Decreased risk of venereal dz transmission
Genetic potenital gains
Use bulls wouldnt otherwise be able to use

147
Q

Campylobacter fetus (venerealis)

A

Inhabits the genital tract only
Transmission Bull>Cow>Bull
Natural mating = MAJOR risk
Bulls = asymptomatic with normal semen
Cows = Endomet, salpngitis, EED, abortion.
Farm = Low CR, infertility, increased calving season
Females clear ~90d
Males - treatment not recommended (streptomycin Im and sheath) infection in older bulls lasts longer
Dx = sheath wash PCR
Vaginal swab 12 affected cows/heifers - harder to detect

148
Q

Trichomonas

A

Obligate repro tract inf
Cow = cervical inflam, vaginitis, endomet, Abortion/EED 50-70d = +++risk
Bull= asymptomatic with normal semen
Farm = very similar to campy
Over 3 yo more common
Cows clear infection in ~150d
Bulls lifelong carriers = cull
Dx = sheath wash PCR

149
Q

Targets - Heat detection rate and
21 day submission rate

A

.>70%

150
Q

% served between 18-24d

A

.>70%

151
Q

Services per conception

A

1.5-2.1 service/conception
~~~

```<10% with >3 inseminations

152
Q

How to calc and target Preg rate

A

Submission rate x conception rate
= >35%

153
Q

Failure to conceive/culling rate

A

<6-7%

154
Q

200d NIC rate

A

<6-10%

155
Q

Transition disease targets

A
  • Abortion 6-8%
  • Dystocia <10%
  • RFM <10%
  • Metritis <10%
  • Endometritis <10%
  • Follicular cysts <10%
156
Q

Standard Holstein recommended toe length

A

80mm (to a step)
Measure and cut stabilising claw to appropriate length.
In the hind foot the stabilising claw is the inside (medial) claw.
In the front foot the stabilising claw is the outside (lateral) claw.

157
Q

Toe angle recommended

A

50 degrees (48-52)

158
Q

Sole thickness

A

6mm (6-7)

159
Q

5 step dutch foot trimming method

A

1 - Measure stabelising claw (inner hind) (outer front)
2 - Match dynamic claw toe length
3 - Model out solar ulcer site (small dish on stabelising claw, wide and deep on dynamic)
——–
4 - relieve weight from affected claw
5 - remove underrun sole/horn at heel

***Preserve toe triangle, wall horn and heel height where possible
Use hoof testers

160
Q

Hoof blocks

A

Foot should be reassessed after 2 weeks
Block should be taken off after 6-8 weeks to check claw isnt becoming affected by increased weight bearing

161
Q

Mites distribution pattern

A

Sacoptes - head neck and tail head
Chorioptes - legs, udder/testes/tailhead
Psoroptes - shoulders back and tail head

162
Q

Anaplasmosis

A

Phagocytophilum - neitrophils, CS 2ndary to immunosuppressio, zoonotic
Marginales - erythrocytes, Haemolytic anaemia

Oxytet treatment/chlortet in feed
Tick control

163
Q

Babesiosis

A

Divergens (Uk andNW europe)
Bovis and bigema
Ixodes ricinis tick
Intraerythrocyte
Imidocarb dipropionate treatment (4week protection and eliminate carrier at higher dose)
Calves = immune (MDA and age thing)
Carrier state for years post recovery then immunity
Intravascular haemolysis
Tick control (animal level - environment not recommended)

164
Q

DDx for haematuria

A

Babesiosis
Anaplasma marginale
Epizootic haematuria
Bacillary haematuria
SMCO toxicity
Copper toxicity
Trauma post calving
Leptosprirosis

165
Q

Brucellosis

A

UK Brucellosis free, abortion enquires and milk sampling quarterly
Raw milk = risk to humans + abortive material and urine
Males - orchitis and seminal vesiculitis
Cattle to cattle = indirect transmission
No treatment = cull

166
Q

Neosporosis

A

Definitive host = Canid
Intermediate host = Cattle
Calves can be born with latent infection and be persistantly infected and recrudecse at calving. Or abortions can occur
Vertical transmission between cows not horizontal
DOG POO = source of oocysts into environment = exogenous transmission dog eating infected carcass/placenta
Cost of disease = repro peformance and decreased milk production
Lifetime infection - test and cull familys
Serology PCR can be done on foetus, dog and dam
Embryo transfer only way to retain genetics if valuable line
Secure feed bins and elevate water supply

167
Q

Blood transfusion indications

A

PCV <10-12%
<10 = definitely
11-12% discretion
+ showing signs of Inc HR, RR, weakness

168
Q

Normal PCV adult cow and normal circulating blood volume

A

24-43%
8% of body weight (600kg cow = 48litres blood)

169
Q

How much blood can a donor cow give?

A

Healthy adult cow can donate 10-15ml/kg (8-10litres 600kg cow)

170
Q

How much sodium citrate for anticoag?

A

100ml of 3.8% solution/ litre of blood

171
Q

How much lith hep for anti coag?

A

5000 units/litre of blood

172
Q

How many blood types do cows have?

A

13 major blood types

173
Q

Blood transfusion reaction CS

A

Inc HR, RR
Resp distress
hiccups
violent movements
Coma/death
Urticaria/abortion = delayed signs

5ml 1% adrenaline IM treatment

174
Q

Electrolyte losses in diarrheac calves

A

Na+
K+
Cl-
HCO3-

175
Q

Oral electrolyte solution for rehydration recommendations

A

300 mOSm (IF FEEDING MILK OR WITH MILK)
600 mOSm if not feeding milk (for inc energy requirements)

176
Q

Buffer in oral electrolyte solutions

q

A

Propionate or acetate
Not bicarb unless feeding milk as bicarb increases pH of abo = lowers defence to E coli

177
Q

Strong ion difference

A

Bicarb and sodium losses
Forestomach and intestinal fermentation of glucose and lactose = d lactate and VFAs
Worse in calves >7d age

178
Q

Hypertonic solution for rapid resusscitation of comatose calves

A

5-6ml/kg over 5-6 min of 7.2% NaCl
or
6ml/kg over 6 min of 8.4% NaHCO3

179
Q

SMCO toxicity

A

SMCO (S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide) found in Rape and Kale plants
Causes redwater, anaemia, weakness
Have to have been on crop for >1week for CS
Levels highest in older/flowering crop. Silaging doesnt reduce amount.
Can feed at no more than 50-60% diet over 10 days transition and might need to be lower and not hungry when put on

180
Q

The 3 S’s for pain management

A

Suppress - removal of any source of pain that has no welfare benefit to animal eg tail docking
Substitute - changing proceedures for less painful ones eg disbudding better than dehorning
Soothe - use of appropriate pain relief if painful proceedures still have to be done taking into account length of pain, amount of pain expected

181
Q

Magnesium requirements

A

5g per cow per day when lactating
= average 20% absorption therefore need 30g in diet for 5g absorption
DMI, season, fertiliser, ERDP levels, soil levels, genetics, fats can all limit uptake/availability or absorption of Mg

182
Q

Biochemical findings of LDA

A

Metabolic alkalosis
Hypochlorameia - HCl secreton into abo but cant get out - rumen reflux
Hypokalaemia - decreased intakes of K+ feed and sequestration into abo
Decreased HCO3- being drawn into small intestine = Increased HCO3- in blood = alkalosis

183
Q

RF for Leptospriosis introduction

A
  1. Open herds
  2. Sharing/hiring bulls
  3. Co grazing with sheep
  4. Shared/common water sources
184
Q

BoHV- 1

A

IBR
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
* 8-18m = most common age group affected
* Latency = trigeminal and sciatic nerve
* Resp/repro organs and eyes
*
* Vaccine availble - gE deleted for IBR = marker
* gB = on marker and wild type virus
* gE on wild type only

185
Q

BoHV-2

A

Ulcerative mammilitis
* Teats and udder
* blisters and scabs
* Milking routine hygeine improtant and fly control

Pseudo lumpy skin disease
* looks just like lumpy skin
* PCR to tell difference
* More mild CS
* Fever and nodules along back, faces and perineum

186
Q

BoHV-4

A
  • Generally subclinical
  • Can cause repro disease = metritis, endometritis, abortion, RFM, mastitis
  • Vertical and horizontal transmission
  • Fomites can also be source
  • Latency
187
Q

BoHV-5

A

Bovine meningoenchephalitis and or resp disease
* Latency common
* Acute onset neuro signs including sudden death in neonatal calves

188
Q

Liner slip on milking machine - target

A

5-10/100 cows

189
Q

Milking machine phases

A

Pulsation ratio = Milkout - Phase A and B : Massage - Phase C and D
1:1 up to 3:1
50-60 pulsations per minute
Massage phase allows for recirculation of blood to teat
Clusters weigh ~3kg

190
Q

Liner lifespan

A

2500 milking or 6 months (whichever comes first)
(depends on type)

191
Q

Milking machine maintainance

A

Static tests every 6m = Plant on but not milking cows. Check vacuum pipes and motors for leaks
Dynamic tests = During milking with inline pressure sensors in the clusters at the level of the teat end

192
Q

Teat end scoring system and target

A

N = normal
S = smooth
R = Rough
VR = Very rough

Target <20% R and VR

193
Q

Penn state feed particle seperator

A

Good for checking:
* Assessing sorting of ration - measure at multiple times a day. Shouldnt differ in composition >3-5% from orginal TMR
* Assessing mixing in feeder wagon - over mixing = small particles, undermixing = TMR composition varies along length of feed bunk

3-4 sieves = 19mm, 8mm, 4mm and 1.18mm (not always used)
4mm = minimum physically effective fibre length

ECBHM (13 decks)

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