GEN BIO PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flashcards
is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients, such as glucose, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
energy currency of the cell
ATP
This process occurs in both plants and animals and is vital for sustaining cellular functions.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
It can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
General Equation of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H1206+6026CO2+6H20+ATP (energy)
is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
GLYCOLYSIS
During _, one molecule of glucose (6-carbon) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon), producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and reducing two molecules of NAD into NADH.
GLYCOLYSIS
This process does not require oxygen, so it can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
GLYCOLYSIS
The two molecules of pyruvate from glycolysis are transported into the mitochondria, where each is converted into Acetyl-CoA.
PYRUVATE OXIDATION (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)
This step produces CO, and reduces NAD to NADH.
PYRUVATE OXIDATION (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE) (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)
This cycle generates 2 ATP, several NADH and FADH, molecules (which carry high-energy electrons), and releases CO₂ as a byproduct.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE) (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)
NADH and FADH, from the previous steps donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)
As electrons move down the ETC, protons (H’l are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient ATP is produced when protons flow back through ATP synthase, a process called chemiosmosis
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor and combines with protons to form water (H₂O1.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)
_ produces the majority of ATP: approximately 26-28 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)
Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, regenerating NAD+, but no additional ATP is produced beyond the 2 ATP from glycolysis.
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (IN ANIMALS)
Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO₂, also regenerating NAD+, with no additional ATP gain.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (IN YEAST)
is a fundamental biological process in which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
It is crucial for sustaining life on Earth, as it provides the organic molecules and oxygen that form the basis of most ecosystems.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
_ occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two main stages: the _ and the _
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
CALVIN CYCLE (LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS).
The _ capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Water is split, producing oxygen as a byproduct.
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS (OCCUR IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES OF THE CHLOROPLASTS)
Chlorophyll, the main pigment in plants, absorbs light (mainly in the blue and red wavelengths). This excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, boosting them to a higher energy level
LIGHT ABSORPTION
Excited electrons are passed through an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, creating a flow of electrons
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
