GEN BIO PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 1

is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients, such as glucose, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell.

Answer 1

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 2

energy currency of the cell

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

This process occurs in both plants and animals and is vital for sustaining cellular functions.

Answer 3

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 4

It can be aerobic (requiring oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).

Answer 4

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Question 5

General Equation of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Answer 5

C6H1206+6026CO2+6H20+ATP (energy)

Question 6

is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Answer 6

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 7

During _, one molecule of glucose (6-carbon) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon), producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and reducing two molecules of NAD into NADH.

Answer 7

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 8

This process does not require oxygen, so it can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Answer 8

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 9

The two molecules of pyruvate from glycolysis are transported into the mitochondria, where each is converted into Acetyl-CoA.

Answer 9

PYRUVATE OXIDATION (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)

Question 10

This step produces CO, and reduces NAD to NADH.

Answer 10

PYRUVATE OXIDATION (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)

Question 11

Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized.

Answer 11

CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE) (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)

Question 12

This cycle generates 2 ATP, several NADH and FADH, molecules (which carry high-energy electrons), and releases CO₂ as a byproduct.

Answer 12

CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE) (IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX)

Question 13

NADH and FADH, from the previous steps donate electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Answer 13

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)

Question 14

As electrons move down the ETC, protons (H’l are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient ATP is produced when protons flow back through ATP synthase, a process called chemiosmosis

Answer 14

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)

Question 15

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor and combines with protons to form water (H₂O1.

Answer 15

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)

Question 16

_ produces the majority of ATP: approximately 26-28 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Answer 16

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS) (IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE)

Question 17

Pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, regenerating NAD+, but no additional ATP is produced beyond the 2 ATP from glycolysis.

Answer 17

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (IN ANIMALS)

Question 18

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO₂, also regenerating NAD+, with no additional ATP gain.

Answer 18

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (IN YEAST)

Question 19

is a fundamental biological process in which plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy.

Answer 19

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 20

It is crucial for sustaining life on Earth, as it provides the organic molecules and oxygen that form the basis of most ecosystems.

Answer 20

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Question 21

_ occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and involves two main stages: the _ and the _

Answer 21

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
CALVIN CYCLE (LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS).

Question 22

The _ capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Water is split, producing oxygen as a byproduct.

Answer 22

LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS (OCCUR IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES OF THE CHLOROPLASTS)

Question 23

Chlorophyll, the main pigment in plants, absorbs light (mainly in the blue and red wavelengths). This excites electrons in chlorophyll molecules, boosting them to a higher energy level

Answer 23

LIGHT ABSORPTION

Question 24

Excited electrons are passed through an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane, creating a flow of electrons

Answer 24

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

Question 25

Water (H₂O) is split to replace the electrons lost by chlorophyll. This produces oxygen 10₂) and hydrogen ions (H+).

Answer 25

PHOTOLYSIS

Question 26

The movement of electrons down the ETC creates a proton gradient, which powers ATP synthase to produce ATP (a process called chemiosmosis)

Answer 26

ATP FORMATION

Question 27

At the end of the ETC, electrons are transferred to NADP+, forming NADPH, which will be used in the Calvin cycle.

Answer 27

NADPH FORMATION

Question 28

The _ uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This process does not directly require light, but it depends on the products of the light-dependent reactions.

Answer 28

THE CALVIN CYCLE (LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS, OCCUR IN THE STROMA OF CHLOROPLASTS)

Question 29

The enzyme RuBisCO fixes carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere by attaching it to a five-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). This forms a six-carbon compound that immediately splits into two three-carbon molecules (3-phosphoglycerate or 3-PGAI

Answer 29

CARBON FIXATION

Question 30

The organelles where photosynthesis takes place. Inside the chloroplasts are thylakoids (which house the light-dependent reactions) and the stroma (the site of the Calvin cycle.

Answer 30

CHLOROPLASTS

Question 31

The main pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy.

Answer 31

CHLOROPHYLL

Question 32

The enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle

Answer 32

RuBisCO

Question 33

Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food chain, converting solar energy into glucose, which organisms use as a source of energy.

Answer 33

ENERGY PRODUCTION

Question 34

Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, which is essential for aerobic respiration in animals and many other organisms.

Answer 34

OXYGEN PRODUCTION

Question 35

Photosynthesis helps regulate carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere by converting CO₂ into organic molecules.

Answer 35

CARBON FIXATION

Question 36

Photosynthesis is an _ process (building glucose) that stores energy, while cellular respiration is a _ process (breaking down glucosel that releases energy.

Answer 36

ANABOLIC
CATABOLIC

Question 37

organisms that rely on other organisms for food

Answer 37

HETEROTROPHS