Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What questions should be asked regarding passage of stool in GI conditions?

A
  • How often
  • How hard
  • Is it painful
  • Has there been a change?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is normal stool frequency?

A

Very variable - from 4 per day to 1 a week

Depending on age + diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the advantages of stool softening medication in constipation?

A
  • Non invasive

- Can be given by parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the disadvantages of stool softening medication in constipation?

A
  • Non compliance

- Side effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What treatment is used for impaction?

A
  • Empty impacted rectum
  • Empty colon
  • Maintain regular stool passage
  • Slow weaning off treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What may be investigated in history and examination in suspected IBD?

A
  • Intestinal symptoms
  • Extra-intestinal manifestations
  • Exclude infection
  • Family History
  • Growth and sexual development
  • Nutritional status
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List types of vomiting in children

A
  • Vomiting with retching
  • Projectile vomiting
  • Bilious vomiting
  • Effortless vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How may a child present in pre-ejection phase of vomiting with retching?

A
  • Pallor
  • Nausea
  • Tachycardia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List some stimulants of the vomiting centre in children

A
  • Enteric pathogens
  • Intestinal inflammation
  • Metabolic derangement
  • Infection
  • Head injury/tumour
  • Visual stimuli
  • Middle ear stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of bilious vomiting?

A 
Intestinal atresia (in newborns)
Malrotation +/- volvulus
Intussuception
Ileus 
Crohn's disease w strictures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What investigations may be done for bilious vomiting?

A
  • Abdominal xray
  • Contrast meal
  • Surgical opinion re exploratory laparotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the causes of effortless vomiting?

A

Almost always - GORD

Cerebral palsy, Progressive neuro problems, Oesophageal atresia +/- TOF operated, Generalised GI motility problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can barium swallow be useful in the diagnosis of?

A
  • Dysmotility
  • Hiatus hernia
  • Reflux
  • Gastric emptying
  • Strictures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What feeding advice may be given in reflux?

A
  • Fluid thickeners
  • Appropriateness of foods
  • Behavioural programme (Oral stimulation/Remove adverse stimuli)
  • Feeding position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nutritional advice may be given in reflux?

A
  • Calorie supplements
  • Exclusion diet (milk free)
  • Nasogastric tube
  • Gastrostomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What medical treatment may be given in reflux?

A 
-Feed thickener
  Gaviscon  
  Thick & Easy
-Prokinetic drugs 
-Acid suppressing drugs
        H2 receptor blockers
         Proton pump inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some indications for surgery in reflux?

A

-Failure of medical treatment

Persistent - Failure to thrive/Aspiration/Oesophagitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

Enormous surface area of small intestine
-For absorption - Folds, Villi

Essential secretory component

  • Water for fluidity/enzyme transport/absorption
  • Ions e.g. duodenal HCO3-
  • ? Defence mechanism against pathogens/harmful substances/antigens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What usually causes osmotic diarrhoea?

A

Malabsorption

Allergy, Coeliac, CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What usually causes secretory diarrhoea?

A

Toxin production eg from Cholera and enterotoxigenic E. coli

Can be inflammatory - IBD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are causes of motility diarrhoea?

A
  • Toddler’s diarrhoea

- IBD, Congenital hyperthyroidism, Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction

22
Q

How can you tell the difference between osmotic and secretory diarrhoea?

A

If you make the patient NBM -

Osmotic diarrhoea will stop. If it doesn’t - most likely secretory.

23
Q

What types of condition can cause fat malabsorption?

A

-Pancreatic Disease
(Diarrhoea due to lack of lipase. Ie CF)

-Hepatobiliary Disease
(Chronic liver disease, cholestasis)

24
Q

List some liver function tests (LFTs)

A
  • Bilirubin (Total/Split - conjugated/unconjugated)
  • ALT/AST (alanine aminotransferase/aspertate aminotransferase)
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
25
Q

Which LFTs would be elevated in hepatocellular damage?

A

ALT - Alanine aminotransferase

AST - Aspartate Aminotransferase

26
Q

Which LFTs would be elevated in biliary disease?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)

27
Q

List some tests to use to assess liver function?

A 
-Coagulation (PT/INR)
APTT
-Albumin
-Bilirubin
-(Blood glucose)
-(Ammonia)
28
Q

List signs of chronic liver disease in children

A 
Jaundice
Encephalopathy
Epistaxis
Varices with portal hypertension
Spider naevi
Muscle wasting
Bruising and petechiae
Splenomegaly
Clubbing
Ascites
Peripheral neuropathy
Rickets
29
Q

What is haem broken down into?

A

Biliverdin -> Unconjugated bilrubin

30
Q

What is used to conjugate bilirubin?

A

UDP glucuranyl transferse

31
Q

What is conjugated bilirubin converted into?

A

Bile

32
Q

Which form of bilirubin is water soluble?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

33
Q

What type of bilirubin is mostly involve in pre-hepatic jaundice?

A

Unconjugated

34
Q

What type of bilirubin is mostly involve in post-hepatic jaundice?

A

Conjugated

35
Q

What are the causes of early jaundice (<24hrs)?

A

Haemolysis, Sepsis

Always pathological cause!

36
Q

What are the causes of intermediate jaundice (24hrs-2wks)?

A
  • Physiological,
  • Breast milk,
  • Sepsis,
  • Haemolysis
37
Q

What are the causes of prolonged jaundice (>2wks)?

A
  • Extrahepatic obstruction,
  • Neonatal hepatitis,
  • Hypothyroidism,
  • Breast milk
38
Q

What are the reasons for physiological jaundice?

A
  • Shorter RBC life span
  • Relative polycythaemia
  • Relative immaturity of liver function
39
Q

What are some causes of haemolysis leading to early/intermediate unconjugated jaundice?

A
  • ABO incompatibility
  • Rhesus disease
  • Bruising/cephalhaematoma
  • Red cell membrane defects (Spherocytosis)
  • Red cell enzyme defects (G6PD)
40
Q

What are some causes of abnormal conjugation leading to early/intermediate unconjugated jaundice?

A
  • Gilbert’s Disease

- Crigler-Naijar syndrome

41
Q

What are some causes of conjugated prolonged infant jaundice?

A

Biliary construction

Neonatal hepatitis

42
Q

Does conjugated jaundice always require further investigation?

A

Yes

43
Q

What are some causes of biliary obstruction?

A
  • Biliary atresia
  • Choledochal cyst
  • Alagille syndrome (Intrahepatic cholestasis, dysmorphism, congenital cardiac disease)
44
Q

What are some causes of neonatal hepatitis?

A
  • Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
  • Galactosaemia
  • Tyrosinaemia
  • Urea cycle defects
  • Haemochromatosis
  • Glycogen storage disorders
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Viral hepatitis
  • Parenteral nutrition
45
Q

What test is used to differentiate unconjugated jaundice from conjugated jaundice?

A

Split bilirubin

46
Q

What in energy needed for in children?

A

Physical activity
Thermogenesis
Tissue maintenance
Growth

47
Q

What risks surround infant nutrition?

A
  • Infants can rapidly become malnourished.
  • Dependent on carer
  • High demands for growth and maintenance
  • Low stores (Fat and protein)
  • Frequent illness
48
Q

What are the benefits of breast milk?

A
  • Nutritionally best for full term babies
  • Improves cognitive development
  • Reduces infection
49
Q

Roughly how long is milk the exclusive feed in infants?

A

4-6 months

50
Q

What is the first line feed choice in cows milk protein allergy?

A

-Extensively hydrolysed protein feeds

Second line - amino acid based feeds

Paediatrics (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions