Cardiology

Question 1

What conditions may be seen in paediatric cardiology?

Answer 1

Congenital heart defects

Inherited disease: Cardiomyopathy, Long GT, Marfans

Acquired disease: Kawasaki, Rheumatic Fever, bacterial endocarditis

Arrythmias (mainly SVT)

Question 2

What are the most common congenital heart defects?

Answer 2

Ventricular Septal Defect     (VSD)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus      (PDA)
Atrial Septal Defect              (ASD)
Pulmonary Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis
Coarctation of the Aorta
Transposition of Great Arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 3

What cardiac defect is associated with Turner Syndrome?

Answer 3

Coarctation of aorta

Question 4

What cardiac defect is associated with Noonan Syndrome?

Answer 4

Pulmonary Stenosis

Question 5

What cardiac defect is associated with Williams Syndrome?

Answer 5

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

Question 6

How can timing of murmurs be characterised?

Answer 6

• Systole
• Diastole
• Continuous

Question 7

How can duration of murmurs be characterised?

Answer 7

• Early/Mid/Late

- Ejection/Holo or Pan Systolic

Question 8

How can pitch/quality of murmurs be characterised?

Answer 8

• Harsh or Mixed (Turbulence)
• Soft or indeterminate
• Vibratory/Pure Frequency (Laminar Flow)

Question 9

What syndrome is associated with atrioventriculo-septal defect?

Answer 9

Trisomy 21

Question 10

What changes occur in the foetal circulation at birth?

Answer 10

• Pulmonary vascular resistance falls
• Pulmonary blood flow rises
• Systemic vascular resistance is increased
• Ductus Arteriosus closes
• Foramen Ovale closes
• Ductus Venosus closes