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Digestion and Metabolism Exam 1 > Gastric Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Gastric Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the true stomach of the ruminant?

A

Abomasum (glandular)

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2
Q

How many compartments does the camelid stomach have?

A

3

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3
Q

What is the true stomach of camelids?

A

C3

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4
Q

What types of stomachs to carnivores have?

A

Monogastric

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5
Q

What are the layers of the slide from top to bottom

A

Mucosa
Muscularis mucosae
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

What portions of the stomach are non-galnduar mucosa?

A

Esophagus
Esophageal region (horse, pig)
Forestomach (ruminant, camelid)

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7
Q

What part of the stomach is the tru glandular stomach?

A

Cardiac gland region

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8
Q

What types of cells are in the cardiac gland region/

A

Surface foveolar cells
glands

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9
Q

Whare are the gastric glands located?

A

Deep within the mucosa of the stomach

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10
Q

What are isthmus cells?

A

Stem cells

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11
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

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12
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen; helpful for digestion of protein

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13
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

A

mucus

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14
Q

What is located in the pyloric region of the stomach?

A

luminal surface and foveolar cells
Glands – G cells (gastrin), D cells (somatostatin), mucus

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15
Q

What animal did this stomach come from?

A

Horse

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16
Q

What is this structure and what is the significance?

A

Margo plicatus; it separates the glandular and non-glandular (squamous) regions of the horse’s stomach

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17
Q

What makes up the gastric mucosal barrier?

A
  1. Mucus layer
  2. Epithelial cell tight junctions
  3. Epithelial cell turnover
  4. Adequate blood flow
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18
Q

What does the mucus layer do in the gastric mucosal barrier?

A

lubricate and protect from autodigestion
mucins
bicarbonate
phospholipids

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19
Q

What aids in adequate blood flow?

A

oxygen, growth factors, nutrients

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20
Q

What type of control is the gastric mucosal barrier under?

A

prostiglandin control

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21
Q

Where are prostiglandins made?

A

lamina propria

22
Q

What does Prostaglandin do?

A

-Stimulates HCO3- and mucus secretion and foveolar cell stimulation
-Inhibits histamine-stimulated HCl secretion from parietal cells
-Promotes vasodilation and increased blood flow

23
Q

What are some types of gastric injury?

A

Dilation
Displacement
Foreign Bodies
Impaction
Rupture
Vascular (hemorrhage, edema, infarct)
Ulcers
Gastritis
Neoplasia

24
Q

What is an erosion?

A

Suerficial mucosal defect; necrosis of the mucosa above the basement membrane

25
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

deep mucosal defect; necrosis of the mucosa through the basement membrane

26
Q

What are the gastric responses to injury?

A

Acute Ulcer/Gastritis: Return to normal function
Chronic Ulcer: Re-epithelialization with granulation tissue/ scar tissue & fibrosis
Chronic Gastritis
Chronic Gastritis + anorexia

27
Q

Where do horses get ulcers?

A

Squamous mucosa

28
Q

What are some characteristics of acute ulcers?

A

Superficial depression, soft, indistinct edges, red to red/brown, tan (necrosis) luminal blood/fibrin may be abundant, +/- inflammation

29
Q

What are some characteristics of chronic ulcers?

A

Deep depression, firm, raised edges, whit to tan (granulation tissue/fibrosis), red/red brown. yellow hyperkeratosis (squamous mucosa), +/- inflammation & fibrin

30
Q

What are some causes of Gastric Ulcers?

A

Traumatic/toxic
Nutritional
Vascular
Inflammatory/infectious
Neoplasia
Iatrogenic (NSAIDS)

31
Q

List some examples of ulcers caused by trauma

A

Foreign body, impaction, surgery/biopsy

32
Q

List some examples of ulcers caused by toxicity

A

Endogenous (uremia, bile)
Exogenous (corrosives, blister beetles)

33
Q

What are some vascular causes of ulcers and erosions?

A

GDV, abomasal displacement in cattle, gastric dilation in horses, stress in all species

34
Q

What do NSAIDs do?

A

Inhibit Cox enzymes

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of gastric ulcers due to NSAIDs?

A

NSAIDs inhibit cox enzymes with decreases the production of prostaglandin in the gastric lamina propria. Stimulation of HCO3- and mucus secretion; inhibition of histamine stimulated HCl secretion from parietal cells; epithelial cell turnover, foveolar cell proliferation, localized ischemia

36
Q

What are some issues that can be seen secondary to gastric ulcers?

A

Bleeding– Anemia/exsanguination

Healing with granulation tissue/fibrosis – Stricture

Perforated ulcer – Rupture, septic perotinitis

37
Q

What is the gastric response to an acute ulcer/gastritis?

A
  1. Re-epithelializationation (mucosal repair)
  2. Return to normal function
38
Q

What is the gastric response to a chronic ulcer?

A

Re-epithelialization with granulation tissue
Scar tissue/fibrosis

39
Q

What are nutritional factors that can cause stomach ulcers for pigs?

A

finely ground rations

40
Q

What are nutritional factors that can cause gastric ulcers in ruminants?

A
  • Calves: dietary changes
    -Adults: high concentrates
41
Q

What are nutritional factors that can cause gastric ulcers in horses?

A
  • Feeding intervals
    -Feed type
42
Q

What are some vascular causes of gastric ucleration?

A

systemic hypotension
local vascular compromise

43
Q

What is the main iatrogenic cause of gastric ulcers?

A

NSAIDS
Corticosteroids

44
Q

Define gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

45
Q

What is the main cause of bacterial gastritis?

A

Clostridium

46
Q

What can you see with clostridial infection?

A

Hemorrhage, edema, necrosis, erosions/ulcers, +/- emphysema

47
Q

What is the main parasitic cause of gastritis in ruminants?

A

Haemonchus contortus

48
Q

What are some types of neoplasia you can get in the stomach?

A

SSC (horses)
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma

49
Q

What ate some general characteristics of gastric neoplasms?

A
  • Locally infiltrative
  • Desmoplasia (firm)
  • Carcinomatosis

Digestion and Metabolism Exam 1 (12 decks)

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