Common Viral Infections of The GI Tract Flashcards
Is the parvoviridae virus enveloped or non-enveloped?
Non-enveloped
What does it mean whan a virus is non-enveloped?
The virus is stable in the environment and can last longer in the environment
Where is DNA replication in the Parvovirus?
Replicates in the nucleus
What type of genome do Parvoviridae have?
ssDNA
True/False: Parvoviridae replication depends completely on host cell enzymes
True
How do felines become infected with Feline Panleukopenia virus?
Oranasal exposure; to the lymphoid tissue where replication occurs, systemic
What are the 2 most abundant Parvoviridae that affect small animals?
- Feline Panleukopenia virus
- Canine Parvovirus 2
Where does the feline panleukopenia virus replicate?
In cells of high mitotic index
What are some examples of tissues that have cells with a high mitotic index? (3)
Bone marrow
Intestinal crypts
Fetal tissue
Are subclinical infections of feline panleukopenia virus common?
Yes, particularly in older cants and kittens protected by Mab
What is the generalized disease in kittens with panleukopenia?
Vomiting, bloody diarrhea; cerebella hypoplasia of neonates
Which white blood cell elements does panleukopenia involve?
All white blood cells: lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and platelets
How is panleukopenia spread?
Direct and indirect contact (bedding, food, dishes)
Which animals can CPV-2 infect?
Dogs, cats, ferret, mink
Which animals can FPL infect
Cats, raccoons
How are most infections transmitted for CPV-2?
Most infections result from the exposure of susceptible dogs to virus-contaminated feces
What are the clinical signs of CPV-2?
Bloody diarrhea in young dogs, myocarditis in neonatal pups, widespread destruction of lymphocytes with a resultant of immunosuppression may predispose to secondary infections
How do you diagnose parvovirus?
PCR
ELISA/Snap test (can result in false negative)
What is the treatment for parvovirus?
-Supportive treatment
-Control with vaccination
-Isolate pups from other dogs, beginning around 6 weeks of age and continue until their vaccination series is complete
-Disinfectants must have oxidizing agent as active ingredient
Is Reoviridae enveloped or non-enveloped?
Non-enveloped
What type of genome does Reoviridae have?
dsRNA
What is genetic shift?
Reassortment of genome segments among different strains of these viruses within the same virus species
What type of virus is Rotavirus?
A Reovirus
What is the most important subtype of rotavirus?
Rotavirus A
Are the clinical signs, diagnosis, and epidemiology of rotavirus similar in all species?
Yes
How is rotavirus transmitted?
Fecal-oral route –> GI tract
How do enzymes in the GI tract affect the Rotavirus?
They enhance infectivity
What part of the GI tract does the rotavirus target?
Intestinal epithelia at villus tips
What happens to the villi in the GI tract and how does this affect the animal?
Damaged villi become shortened and covered with immature, less differentiated epithelial cells. This leads to malabsorption and maldigestion.
What are some of the clinical signs of rotavirus?
-Diarrhea
-Dehydration
-Death
How does milk alter bacterial growth in the gut?
Undigested lactose in the milk promotes bacterial growth and exerts a further osmotic effect; both mechanisms contribute to the diarrhea
How do you diagnose rotavirus?
-Detection of virus with ELISA kit
-RT-PCR assays- genotyping
-Electron microscopy
What is the treatment for rotavirus?
Supportive; hydratioin
How do you control the transmission of Rotavirus?
-good hygiene
-cattl vaccines available
What is the coronaviridae morphology?
enveloped, pleomorphic, sphericle, charachteristic club projections on surface
List 4 important coronaviruses for clincs
- Feline coronavirus
- Canine enteric coronavirus
- Bovine coronavirus
- Porcine coronavirus
What is the entry of the coronavirus?
oral/nasopharyngeal
What cells do the coronaviridae target?
Mature cells of intestinal villi tips leading to malabsorption and maldigestion
Is Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) a fatal disease?
No, FECV is a common virus in domestic cats that causes mild gastroenteritis and diarrhea
What is FIP and what percentage of cats with FECV develop it?
Feline infection peritonitis; only about 10% (Cornell says 10%; UCDavis says <5%; NIH article says up to 12%)
What are the two forms of FIP and how do they differ?
Wet: Acute onset with peritoneal or pleural effusion
Dry: Protracted course with pyogranulomatous infiltration of multiple tissues
What is the pathogenesis of FIP?
Involves mutant FVoV that can replicate efficiently in monocytes and macrophages, which results in dysregulation of host cell-mediated immunity and allows the virus to replicate unchecked to a high titer.
How does canine enteric coronavirus affect dogs?
Causes a mild to moderate gasteroenteritis
Is canine enteric coronavirus the same as canine respiratory coronavirus?
No the are two completely different viruses
What are the three distinct clinical syndromes in cattle associated with bovine coronavirus infections?
Calf diarrhea
Winter dysentery of adult cows
Respiratory infection at various ages
How many Porcine Coronaviruses are there and how many are associated with GI pathology?
5 total and 3 associated with the gut
What are the 3 procine coronaviridae that associate with the GI tract?
TGEV-G
PEDV-G
Porcine deltacoronavirus
What is the flaviviridae morphology and genome?
Enveloped ssRNA linear positive sense RNA
Where does replication of the flavivirus occcur?
The cytoplasm
What type of virus is Pestivirus?
Flavivirdae
What are the pathogens of importance for pestivirus?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Border Disease Virus
Classical Swine Fever (hog cholera) virus – Notifiable
Can swine fever virus be transmitted to cattle?
yes
What species can BVDV infect?
swine, sheep, goats, camelids, deer
Which virus is an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss worldwide in dairy and beef cattle?
BVDV
What are genotypes and biotypes of BVDV?
There are two different types of genotypes and 2 biotypes within each of those genotypes and the biotypes are cytopathic vs noncyopathic
Differentiated between the cytopathic and noncytopathic viruses
Cytopathic viruses: Those that induce cytopathic effects in cultured cells – Cellular vacuolation and death in cell cultures
Non-cytopathic viruses: Those that induce persistent infection in cells without obvious cytopathology – no visible cytopathic change in cell cultures
How is BVDV transmitted?
Vertically and horizontally via direct/indirect
Where does the virus replicate?
Lymphoid tissue
What does the outcome of infection depend on?
virus (biotype, virulence) and host factors (age at time of infection, immune status, pregnancy status)
What type of collection do you need to send in to detect the BVDV in patients?
Fecal matter
What is the outcome of a BVDV in non pregnant cattle?
most common in first two years of life with the majority of infections being mild and will not see severe clinical signs
What is the outcome of BVDV in pregnant/prenatal catt.e?
Early on in pregnancy will result in embryonic death
After 125 days of development the fetus is protected from the infection by its immune system
What if the BVDV infections occurs in pregnant cattle before day 125 with a non-cytopathic strain?
It leads to development of immunotolerance (seronegative) Persistent Infection
-Shed high amounts of virus
-Survive less than 2 years
What types of animals display mucosal disease from BVDV?
Only in PI calves
What are the clinical signs of mucosal disease?
PI calves, fever, anorexia, profuse diarrhea, salivation, erosions throughout GI tract, dehydration, emaciation, death
What animals are the most important source-lifelong virus shedder?
PI animals
How do you diagnose BVDV?
Antibody ELISA
RT-PCR -> have to find virus by using PCR
Antigen SNAP ELISA
Virus isolation
