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Biology Revision Edexcel IGCSE > Gas Exchange in Humans and Transport > Flashcards

Gas Exchange in Humans and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scientific name for the windpipe?

A

trachea

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2
Q

Describe the role of the diaphragm in inhalation

A

Diaphragm contracts and flattens (moves down), increasing the volume of the thorax and decreasing the pressure

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3
Q

Describe the role of the intercostal muscles in inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract moving the ribcage up and out

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4
Q

Describe the function of the pleural membranes

A

Contain pleural fluid which prevents friction between the lungs and the ribs

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5
Q

By what process does oxygen leave the alveoli to enter the red blood cells?

A

Diffusion

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6
Q

What adaptation of the alveoli provides a short diffusion distance for oxygen to enter red blood cells and carbon dioxide to leave

A

Capillaries surrounding alveoli are one cell thick

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7
Q

What pigment in red blood cells does oxygen bind to?

A

Haemoglobin

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8
Q

By what process is oxygen processed in cells?

A

Aerobic respiration

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9
Q

Simple, unicellular organisms rely on simple diffusion for the movement of substances into and out of cells. Suggest why?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio, they have low metabolic demands

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10
Q

Blood enters the right side of the heart through which blood vessel? Is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Vena cava; deoxygenated

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11
Q

State the valves found between the atria and ventricles on both the right and left sides of the heart

A

Atrioventricular valves

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12
Q

State the valves found between the ventricles and the pulmonary arteries/aorta

A

Semilunar valves

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13
Q

Why is the left ventricular wall so thick with muscle?

A

To pump blood with great force and pressure around all organs in the body

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14
Q

Through what major blood vessel does blood leave the left side of the heart?

A

Aorta

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15
Q

Blood enters the kidney through which blood vessel?

A

Renal artery

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16
Q

Blood leaves the liver through which blood vessel?

A

Hepatic vein

17
Q

Blood enters the liver from the gut through which blood vessel?

A

Hepatic portal vein

18
Q

What is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

19
Q

Explain the importance of the shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave shape to increase the surface area to volume ratio for haemoglobin and therefore oxygen that can be carried

20
Q

Red blood cells contain NO nucleus. Why?

A

To allow more space for haemoglobin

21
Q

Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart from the lungs in which blood vessel?

A

Pulmonary vein

22
Q

Which hormone is released that increases heart rate

A

Adrenaline

23
Q

State the four main components of blood

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

24
Q

Describe the structure of the aorta

A

Artery; narrow lumen so high pressure maintained; thick layer of muscle and elastic tissue to allow high pressure blood to recoil

25
Q

Describe the structure of a vein compared to an artery

A

Wider lumens as blood is carried under lower pressure; thinner layers of muscle and elastic tissue; contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

26
Q

Why are capillaries suitable blood vessels for exchange?

A

They are very small and have thin walls (one cell thick) to decrease diffusion distances

27
Q

State five roles of plasma related to transport

A

Carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, heat energy, hormones

28
Q

Describe the roles of lymphocytes and phagocytes in fighting infection

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to bind specifically to an antigen; phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens using enzymes

29
Q

Explain the importance of vaccination

A

Memory cells can be made which enables future antibody production against a specific pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity

30
Q

Describe the role of platelets

A

They are involved in blood clotting which prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms

31
Q

Name three chemicals found in cigarette smoke

A

Carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, carcinogens

32
Q

Describe the effects of carbon monoxide on the uptake of oxygen

A

CO binds irreversibly to haemoglobin in preference to oxygen, meaning oxygen cannot bind

33
Q

Which chemical in cigarette smoke is responsible for addiction?

A

Nicotine

34
Q

Describe the main visible hallmark of the disease emphysema

A

Reduces the surface area of the alveoli, reducing the efficiency of gas exchange

35
Q

Name three diseases, apart from coronary heart disease, that can be caused by smoking

A
36
Q

Name three diseases, apart from coronary heart disease, that can be caused by smoking

A

Emphysema, cancer, chronic bronchitis

Biology Revision Edexcel IGCSE (11 decks)

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