Cell Structure, Variety of Life, Levels of Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term respiration

A

The release of energy (production of ATP) from food

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2
Q

Define the term growth

A

A permanent increase in size; an increase in the total number of cells in an organism

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3
Q

Define the term homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

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4
Q

Define the term reproduction

A

Producing offspring

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5
Q

Define the term sensitivity

A

An organism’s response to changes in its surroundings

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6
Q

Define the term excretion

A

The removal of waste products of metabolism from an organism (e.g. carbon dioxide, water(sweat), urea)

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of organelles

A

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, nucleus etc.

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8
Q

State the function of the cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions take place; jelly-like substance in which organelles are suspended

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9
Q

State the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances into/out of the cell

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10
Q

State the function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration (release of energy; production of ATP)

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11
Q

State the function of the chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll, a green pigment, which absorbs light for photosynthesis (making glucose)

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12
Q

State the function of the cell wall

A

Maintains the rigidity/structure of a cell

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13
Q

State the function of the ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

State the function of the nucleus

A

Controls the cell; contains the instructions (DNA) needed to make new proteins

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15
Q

State the function of the vacuole

A

Contains cell sap and maintains/supports the shape of the cell

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16
Q

Give 3 examples of specialised cells

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, root hair cells, liver cells etc.

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17
Q

Define the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic, giving examples of each

A

Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles (e.g. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts) whereas prokaryotes do not. Eukaryotic kingdoms include animals, plants, fungi and protoctists; prokaryotes are bacteria

18
Q

State 3 common characteristics between animals

A

Animals have nervous coordination (only kingdom that does), cannot carry out photosynthesis, do not have cell walls, can move from one place to another, store carbohydrates as glycogen

19
Q

Give three differences between an animal cell and a bacterial cell

A

Animal cells have NO cell wall, they have a nucleus (bacteria have a single, twisted chromosome), mitochondria and larger ribosomes; bacteria have plasmids (extra loops of DNA)

20
Q

Give three differences between an virus and a bacterial cell

A

Viruses have no cell membrane, no cell wall, no cytoplasm, no flagella, no plasmids and they cannot respire, feed, move etc.; viruses rely on a host cell to replicate themselves; viruses are smaller than bacteria

21
Q

Define the term pathogen

A

An infective organism that causes disease

22
Q

Give three structural differences between a plant cell and an animal cell

A

Plant cells have chloroplasts, a cellulose cell wall and a permanent vacuole. They also store carbohydrate as starch/sucrose as opposed to glycogen (animals)

23
Q

Describe how fungi feed

A

By saprotrophic nutrition; they secrete extracellular enzymes from their thread-like hyphae and digest dead/decaying matter before reabsorbing the digested products

24
Q

Give one example of a unicellular fungus and a multicellular fungus

A

Unicellular: yeast; multicellular: Mucor

25
Q

True/False: Bacteria are always unicellular. Give two examples of bacteria

A

True
Lactobacillus (non-pathogenic; used to make yoghurt); Pneumococcus (pathogenic; causes pneumonia)

26
Q

Give examples of two diseases caused by a virus

A

AIDS (caused by HIV); Flu (influenza); Ebola; Zika

27
Q

Give the name of a virus that causes discoloration in plants meaning their leaves lose their green colour

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

28
Q

State how animals, plants, fungi and bacteria all store carbohydrates

A

Animals, fungi and bacteria all store carbohydrates as GLYCOGEN; plants store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

29
Q

State how the composition of the cell wall is different in animals, plants, fungi and bacteria

A

Animals do NOT have a cell wall; plants (CELLULOSE); fungi (CHITIN); bacteria (MUREIN

30
Q

Give three examples of protoctists, including one which is a pathogen

A

Amoeba (animal cell-like); Chlorella (plant cell-like); Plasmodium (pathogenic; causes malaria)

31
Q

Give the name of a bacterium used to make yoghurt

A

Lactobacillus

32
Q

Describe the differences in DNA structure/organisation between animals, plants, bacteria, fungi and viruses

A

Animals, plants, fungi and protoctists all have a NUCLEUS (they are all eukaryotes so contain membrane-bound organelles); bacteria have a single twisted DNA chromosome; viruses have either DNA or RNA

33
Q

True/False: Protoctists are always unicellular

A

True

34
Q

State the correct order of levels of organisation in an organism

A

Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

35
Q

Define the term tissue

A

Many different cells working together to perform a function

36
Q

Define the term organ

A

Many different tissues working together to perform a function

37
Q

Give three examples of organ systems

A

Circulatory, excretory/urinary, digestive, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, respiratory etc

38
Q

State a source of stem cells from which specialised cells originate

A

Bone marrow

39
Q
A
39
Q
A