gas exchange and oxygenation

Question 1

the structure and function of the lung

Answer 1

• The upper airway: nasopharynx or nose, oropharynx or mouth, and the larynx.
• The lower airway: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs.
  right lung has three lobes, left has two lobes

Question 2

ventilation

Answer 2

flow of air inside or outside of the alveoli

Question 3

perfusion

Answer 3

flow of blood by the cardiopulmonary system into the alveolar capillaries and rest of the
body

Question 4

how is oxygen transported

Answer 4

Oxygen is transported into the
alveoli and carbon dioxide is taken
out.

Question 5

hypoxia

Answer 5

hypoxemia - limited amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia - low oxygen levels

Question 6

causes of hypoxia

Answer 6

Smoke inhalation
High altitudes
COPD, Pneumonia, Asthma or other lung
conditions
Medications that decrease respiratory rate
Anemia

Question 7

manifestations of hypoxia

Answer 7

Confusion
- can be one of the first signs
Irritability
Cyanosis
- a blue or dusky color
Pursed lip breathing
- in through nose out through mouth
Use of accessory muscles
Pursed lip breathing
Retractions
Nasal flaring

Question 8

oxygen delivery devices

Answer 8

nasal cannula (1-6 L/min)
high flow nasal cannula (up to 60 L/min)
simple face mask (5-10 L/min)
non-rebreather (10-15 L/min)
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
BI-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP)

Question 9

oxygen toxicity

Answer 9

a. Acute = CNS manifestations (tinnitus, convulsions or seizures)
b. Chronic = coughing, dyspnea, chest pains, substernal heaviness
c. Stress, cold and fatigue can aggravate s/s
d. Patients with COPD

Question 10

home oxygen safety hazards

Answer 10

a. No smoking
b. Away from heat sources
c. Tubing no longer than 50 feet
d. away from flammable liquids
e. away from petroleum, oil, and grease
f. no aerosols
g. have a fire extinguisher

Question 11

nursing interventions

Answer 11

1. Sputum collection
   
   • even if you do not have an order yet if the patient is actively coughing up stuff you can go ahead and get a sample so that it is ready to be sent in once the order is approved

Question 12

nursing interventions

Answer 12

2. Chest physiotherapy
   
   • this involves percussing the chest to allow for easier and better movement of things

Question 13

nursing interventions

Answer 13

3. Incentive spirometer
4. Purse-lipped breathing
5. Coughing and deeping breathing
6. Suctioning

Question 14

what is oxygen toxicity

Answer 14

when the body has too much oxygen to properly function

Question 15

with hypoxia where are retractions and nasal flaring most common

Answer 15

in infants and children

Question 16

normal range

Answer 16

95-100%

Question 17

what is a retraction

Answer 17

an inward movement of the skin and muscles on the chest. is between the intercostals (intercostal), the top and bottom of the sternum (suprasternal or substernal), or just in general on the skin (submucosal)

Question 18

normal PaO2 is?

Answer 18

80-100%

Question 19

what is a common result of ventilation and perfusion issues

Answer 19

hypoxemia

Question 20

ventilation versus perufsion

Answer 20

ventilation - the air that is flowing in and out of the lungs
perfusion - how well the blood flow is oxygenating the blood and then sending it to the body

Question 21

differences in types of oxygen delivery devices

Answer 21

• nasal cannula
  
  • at low concentration 24-44% oxygen
• simple face mask
  
  • someone who is a mouth breather and stating low but on a high Liter cannula would be good for this
• non-rebreather
  
  • typically short term, is often used to quickly stabilize someone
• CPAP
  
  • give continuous airflow into the airway. often for people with obstructive sleep apnea