GAMMA FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards
Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical memory: Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic and semantic memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory.
False memory
A false memory is a mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event from one’s personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways (e.g., believing one last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the living room) and in major ways that have profound implications for oneself and others (e.g., mistakenly believing one is the originator of an idea or that one was sexually abused as a child).” It is characterized by high confidence in response and it is observed in both real world and laboratory settings.
Agnosia
Agnosia - inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage. Inability to process information that comes in.
Source monitoring
Source monitoring – is a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.
Source amnesia
Source amnesia - is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. This branch of amnesia is associated with the malfunctioning of one’s explicit memory.
Secure Attachment
Secure attachment – seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that he or she has a secret base to return to. Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort and while the child can be comforted by a stranger, he or she will clearly prefer the caregiver
Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant attachment – occurs when a caregiver has little to no response to a distressed child. The child will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver. The child will show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns
Ambivalent attachment
Ambivalent attachment – - occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress sometimes responding appropriately and sometimes neglectfully
- the child will be very distressed on separation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns often displaying ambivalence
- associated with “anxious- ambivalent attachment” b/c the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized attachment - show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
- often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
- may be a red flag for abuse
Framing
Framing is like saying “the cup is half empty” vs “the cup is half full”. The way a problem is presented to you influences the way you respond to it and influences the solution/decision you make.
Priming
Priming is when someone is exposed to stimuli related to each other in a particular way, such that future responses by the person is in line with the theme of the priming stimuli. For example, if I tell you to think of the following objects: pillow, sheets, blanket and then tell you to give me any 3-letter word that starts with the letter “b”, it’s highly likely that you will respond with “bed” because I primed you with objects related to a bed before asking you that question.
Shaping
It is a method of forming a behavior.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is on a micro level (by George Herbert Mead and Max Weber..? I think?). We define certain things and associate those things/objects with meanings like social constructionism, but in a smaller setting.
There are 3 conditions:
i. Actions are derived from meanings. (Hey look an apple, I want to pick it up and eat it because I am hungry.)
ii. We have our own meanings and these meanings can be different for others. (Apple = “yummy” for person 1 and apple = “allergic reaction, stay away” for person 2)
iii. We can change our meanings. (That apple was old and icky, I am traumatized now and will be more wary of eating apples in the future.)
Symbolic interactionism deals with more social settings and interpersonal interactions. Another example not using objects just incase you don’t like apples could be a guy asking a girl to get a cup of coffee. The girl says no.
For the guy, it may mean, ‘I wanted to get coffee with her and get to know her. Her saying no maybe means she’s not into me.’
But for the girl it may mean, ‘No, because I don’t like coffee.’
I think this also deals with attribution theories here and I don’t know if that’s fine..but the main point is one action means one thing to one person and that same action means something different to another person.
Social Cognitive Theory
Social cognitive theory which relates to learning through observing and learning by seeing others in which the answer was directly facing me. Social cognitive theory is based on the principle of reciprocal determinism, where cognitive factors (self efficacy, locus of control), behavior, and environmental (includes observational learning) all influence each other.
Intersectionality
It calls attention to how identity categories like race, ethnicity, age, gender, or sexual orientation intersect in systems of social stratification.
Tools
a. CT scan – X-ray
b. MRI – Radio waves
c. PET – Radioactive glucose (CAT + MRI)
d. fMRI – MRI + Oxygen levels and blood flow
e. EEG -Electric field to give waves, no image
f. MEG – Magnetic field produced by electric currents , measured in squids and needs shielding.
Evolution Psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection. I think the trick here will be to look at answers that reflect an adaption for the benefit of human beings. In this case, fatty foods are because they produce a high amount of energy compared to others.
Universal Emotions
Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Happiness Sadness
Place Theory
It posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlear’s basilar membrane and as such is a concept of auditory system
Accommodation
Accommodation is a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Accommodation: In medicine, the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects (and vice versa). This process is achieved by the lens changing its shape. Accommodation is the adjustment of the optics of the eye to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies.
InterPosition
Interposition occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth.
Parallel processing
In psychology, parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. Parallel processing is a part of vision in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color, motion, shape, and depth.
Curvilinear Relationship
Curvilinear Relationship is a type of relationship between two variables where as one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point, after which, as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases.
Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing, according to AAMC, is a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting a stimuli might have on the dependent variable.
Atypical antipsychotics and Neuroleptics
Atypical antipsychotics and neuroleptics are similar. The difference is that the former is second generation and the latter is first generation. Both are typically used in the treatment of schizophrenia. According to AAMC, neuroleptics are the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effecting in positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.
Dependent Stressors
Dependent stressors, such as a relationship problem or failing a test, are those events that are due, at least in part, to an individual’s characteristics or behaviors, and they have been shown to be more predictive of depression than independent (“fateful”; e.g. a death in the family) stressors.
Dispositional and Situational
Things like individual personality traits, temperament, and genetics are all dispositional factors. They are things that come from within an individual that they do not have much control over. The opposite of dispositional factors are situational factors which are influences like the environment and others around you.
Looking glass self
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept introduced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006). The concept of the looking-glass self describes the development of one’s self and of one’s identity through one’s interpersonal interactions within the context of society.
Generalized Other
The generalized other is a concept introduced by George Herbert Mead into the social sciences, and used especially in the field of symbolic interactionism. … Any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them, they are taking on the perspective of the generalized other.
Cross-sectional Data
Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time.
Ethnographic
Ethnographic understanding is developed through close exploration of several sources of data. Using these data sources as a foundation, the ethnographer relies on a cultural frame of analysis. Long-term engagement in the field setting or place where the ethnography takes place, is called participant observation. An ethnographic study is one that comes from ethnographic research, a qualitative method where researchers completely immerse themselves in the lives, culture, or situation they are studying. They are often lengthy studies.
Adaptive Coping Strategies
Adaptive coping strategies are those that increase our functioning while decreasing the perceived level of stress; they include exercise, meditation, sleep, and writing in a journal.
Maladaptive Coping Strategies
Maladaptive coping strategies do not increase our functioning. Rather, they temporarily decrease the symptoms while the stressor maintains its strength or becomes more stressful. For example, getting drunk allows Henry to forget about the stress related to being unemployed, but the effects of alcohol are only temporary. Once he sobers up, Henry remembers that he is unemployed, and his situation continues to be stressful, or worse, becomes more stressful over time.
Coping
The way in which we deal with or manage stress is called coping.
Thomas Theorem
The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 by William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1899–1977) : “ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ” In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action.
Elements of McDonaldization
Efficiency
Calculability
Uniformity
Technical Control
Sustained Attention
This is the ability to focus on one specific task for a continuous amount of time without being distracted.
Selective Attention
This is the ability to select from many factors or stimuli and to focus on only the one that you want while filtering out other distractions.
Alternating Attention
This is the ability to switch your focus back and forth between tasks that require different cognitive demands.
Divided Attention
This is the ability to process two or more responses or react to two or more different demands simultaneously. Divided attention is often referred to as “multi-tasking”
Hidden curriculum
A hidden curriculum is a side effect of an education, “[lessons] which are learned but not openly intended” such as the transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment.
Benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Attached
Protein Cleavage
Hydrolysis
SN1, SN2, E1, and E2
Check the list
How to use Voltmeter
Both to measure variable resistor and series/parallel resistor
Stability with Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control
I have found that from the AAMC explanation, the answer is question B because the mixing experiments demonstrate that liposomes formed from compound 1 cannot attain their thermodynamically preferred state and are therefore under kinetic control. Mixing liposomes of different sizes of compound 2, on the other hand, results in the formation of new liposomes which are of an intermediate size indicating that they rapidly attain their thermodynamically preferred state. It is important to further clarify the meaning of kinetic and thermodynamic control. The key here is to realize that the mixing led to new things being formed and did not retain the normal shape.
Ionization trick
The trick is to realize that electrons will ionize from the orbital with the lowest energy orbital of the outer electrons. Actually from the outer most principal first then orbital with the lowest energy
Experiment to determine Kcat
The answer is option D and can be understood based on the AAMC explanation that the answer is D because the Kcat is used to describe the rate-limiting step of catalysis under saturating conditions of substrate.
Enzyme factors
Low Concentration of substrate - Increased enzyme rate
High concentration - Decreased enzyme rate
How to number the carbons for nitrogenous bases
Number 1 is the Nitrogen attached to the sugar!!
Chromatography Types
Use Logic
Purines
Adenine Guanine - Larger Hypoxanthine Xanthine Caffeine Uric acid Isoguanine
Structure: Pyrimidine + Imidazole ring
Pyrimidine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Uridine - glycosylated pyrimidine-analog
Compact Protein
Think more folded and smaller
Sugars Trick
Ribose - All right (5Cs) Glucose - Fuck Galactose - C-4 Epimer of Glucose Fructose - Fuck C2 Glucose Ketose Mannose - Gun
Pyranose and Furanose
Pyranose - 6
Furanose - 5
Acceptors and Donors for Purine and Pyrimidine
Adenine - 1 donor and 1 acceptor
Guanine - 2 donors and 1 acceptor
Thymine - 1 donor and 1 acceptor
Cytosine - 1 donor and 2 acceptors
Factors that can affect the melting temperature of a dsDNA to ssDNA
- pH of solution
- Ionic strength of solution
- Length of DNA strands
Molecular weights of Purines and Pyrimidine
Adenine - ~135 Guanine - ~151 Cytosine - ~111 Thymine - ~126 Uracil - ~ 112
Trick to finding the reducing sugar
The C1 is the anomeric carbon and a disaccharide that has a C1 carbon that is not involved in a glycosidic bond is said to have a hemiacetal end. This is the requirement to be a reducing sugar
Covalently bonded dimer of peptides
The presence of cysteine indicates that the peptide could form a disulfide-linked dimer.
Cooperation and Uncooperation
Cooperation is a process of determining unfolding of proteins as well as those with subunits.
Comorbidity
Simultaneous presentation of two or more psychological disorders
False positive vs false negative
False positive - Occurs when the condition is predicted (or said) to be present but in reality is absent
False negative - Occurs when the condition is said to be absent but is really present
Popular Culture
Ideas, attitudes, and perspectives that are mainstream
Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1 - In preindustrial societies, birth and death rates are both high and population growth is slow
Stage 2 - As societies begin to industrialize, death rates drop as food, water, sanitation, medicine, and population growth is rapid
Stage 3 - As societies urbanize, the population continues to grow, but birth rates begin to decline as access to contraception increases.
Stage 4 - in developed societies, birth and death rates are both low and population growth is low
Stage 5 - For highly developed societies with very low birth rates, the population may decline.
Lifecourse
Aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural, & psychological contexts
Dependency Ratio
Dependency ratio is the proportion of unproductive (too old to work) to productive (working age) members in a society.
Malthusian Theory
Maintains that population growth is exponential but resource growth is linear
Optimum population
It is a demographic theory regarding the ideal population size, which is the number of people yielding the highest per capita income given the country’s level of wealth, knowledge, and technical resources.
Fertility rate
Measure of the number of people being added to a given population through birth (as opposed to immigration).
Total Fertility Rate
Average number of children born per woman during her lifetime.
Crude Birth Rate
Number of live births per year for every 1000 members of a population regardless of sex or age
General Fertility Rate
Total number of live births per year for every 1000 women of childbearing age in a population.
Age-Specific Fertility Rate
Number of live birth per year for 1000 women in a certain age group in a population.
Modernization
Reduced importance of religion as society industralizes
Secularization
Reduced power of religion as religious involvement declines
Fundamentalism
Renewed commitment to traditional religion as a reaction to secularization
Religiosity
Religiosity refers to the extent to which a religious doctrine is internalized and incorporated into an individual’s life (eg, behaviors, beliefs).
Religious affilation
Religious affiliation describes the specific religious group to which an individual identifies, which is not synonymous with living one’s life according to the principles, behaviors, or customs of that religion.
Power vs Authority
In sociology, power refers to the ability to control and influence others. Authority refers to whether others believe that the power is legitimate. There are three types of authority:
Traditional authority comes from longstanding patterns in society (eg, a queen is seen as having legitimate power in a monarchy). Charismatic authority stems from the personal appeal and/or extraordinary claims of an individual (eg, Gandhi was seen as having legitimate power due to his ability to inspire people). Rational-legal authority arises from the professional position a person holds (eg, a physician is seen as having legitimate power due to extensive training).
Co-Catalyst
A pair of cooperative catalysts that improve each other’s catalytic activity
Mesolimbic Pathway
VTA, Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and morew
Ionization
Ionization or ionization, is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
Think about the Michaelis-Menten Graph when trying to figure out inhibition
Constant enzyme, varying substrate, and presence/absence of inhibition
Denaturing and Reducing SDS
Denaturing - disrupts interactions between monomers
Reducing - Disrupt disulfide bonds
Isoelectric Focusing
IEF, also known simply as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating charged molecules, usually proteins or peptides, on the basis of their isoelectric point (pI), i.e., the pH at which the molecule has no charge. IEF works because in an electric field molecules in a pH gradient will migrate towards their pI.
Epithelial cells
Epithelium is a tissue composed of sheets of cells that are joined together in one or more layers. Epithelia cover the body surface, line body cavities and hollow organs, and form glands. … The rapid regeneration of epithelial cells is important to their protective function.
Epithelial cells are one example of a polarized cell type, featuring distinct ‘apical’, ‘lateral’ and ‘basal’ plasma membrane domains.
Epithelial tissues are composed of many cells closely joined together by special cell junctions along their lateral walls. Epithelial tissues also have distinct apical and basal regions. The basal region sits on a specialized boundary with the underlying connective tissue. The apical region of certain epithelial cells has modifications associated with specific functions.
Three factors act to bind epithelial cells to one another:
- Adhesion proteins in the plasma membranes of the adjacent cells link together in the narrow extracellular space.
- The wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells join in a tongue and groove fashion.
- Special cell junctions
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Pathway
Apoptosis can be triggered in a cell through either the extrinsic pathway or the intrinsic pathway. The extrinsic pathway is initiated through the stimulation of the transmembrane death receptors, such as the Fas receptors, located on the cell membrane. In contrast, the intrinsic pathway is initiated through the release of signal factors by mitochondria within the cell.
How are reactive oxygen species formed?
Most reactive oxygen species are generated as by-products during mitochondrial electron transport. … The sequential reduction of oxygen through the addition of electrons leads to the formation of a number of ROS including: superoxide; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxyl radical; hydroxyl ion; and nitric oxide.
Free radicals will want to react with ROS
How to connect the effects of siRNA to the observed results?
- siRNA treatment results in knocking down the protein levels of FASN and mtKAS
- Each siRNA is specific to its target protein and does not interfere with expression of other unrelated proteins
- A non-specific scrambled siRNA does not interfere with the expression of FASN or mtKAS
Lipoic Acid
Co-factor for PDH enzyme
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
6-Phosphogluconolactonase
Phosphogluconolactonase
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Glucose 6-Phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone
6-Phosphogluconolactonase: hydrolysis of 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconic acid in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Phosphogluconolactonase: Same as above
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase: reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
Sound
Tone and pitch - Frequency (depends on speed, probably wavelength, and tension)
Loudness - Amplitude
Gender schema
Gender schema - Gender schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.
Gender script
Gender script is organized information regarding the order of actions that are appropriate to a familiar situation.
Token Economy
Rewarding individuals with secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for appetitive stimuli
Central Executive
- Regulates attention and task switching
- Controls: Episodic buffer, phonological loop, and episodic buffer
Visuospatial sketchpad
-Employed when manipulating visual and/or spatial information
Phonological Loop
The phonological loop is employed when manipulating spoken and written information (eg, reading a book).
Episodic Buffer
The episodic buffer is responsible for temporal processing (understanding the timeline of events) and integrating information from long-term memory into working memory (eg, remembering how to multiply when figuring out a tip at a restaurant).
