GAMMA FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards
Autobiographical Memory
Autobiographical memory: Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic and semantic memory. It is thus a type of explicit memory.
False memory
A false memory is a mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event from one’s personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways (e.g., believing one last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the living room) and in major ways that have profound implications for oneself and others (e.g., mistakenly believing one is the originator of an idea or that one was sexually abused as a child).” It is characterized by high confidence in response and it is observed in both real world and laboratory settings.
Agnosia
Agnosia - inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically as a result of brain damage. Inability to process information that comes in.
Source monitoring
Source monitoring – is a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.
Source amnesia
Source amnesia - is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge. This branch of amnesia is associated with the malfunctioning of one’s explicit memory.
Secure Attachment
Secure attachment – seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is able to go out and explore knowing that he or she has a secret base to return to. Child trusts that the caregiver will be there for comfort and while the child can be comforted by a stranger, he or she will clearly prefer the caregiver
Avoidant Attachment
Avoidant attachment – occurs when a caregiver has little to no response to a distressed child. The child will show no preference between a stranger and the caregiver. The child will show little or no distress when the caregiver leaves and little or no relief when the caregiver returns
Ambivalent attachment
Ambivalent attachment – - occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress sometimes responding appropriately and sometimes neglectfully
- the child will be very distressed on separation from the caregiver but has a mixed response when the caregiver returns often displaying ambivalence
- associated with “anxious- ambivalent attachment” b/c the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Disorganized Attachment
Disorganized attachment - show no clear pattern of behavior in response to caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors
- often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver
- may be a red flag for abuse
Framing
Framing is like saying “the cup is half empty” vs “the cup is half full”. The way a problem is presented to you influences the way you respond to it and influences the solution/decision you make.
Priming
Priming is when someone is exposed to stimuli related to each other in a particular way, such that future responses by the person is in line with the theme of the priming stimuli. For example, if I tell you to think of the following objects: pillow, sheets, blanket and then tell you to give me any 3-letter word that starts with the letter “b”, it’s highly likely that you will respond with “bed” because I primed you with objects related to a bed before asking you that question.
Shaping
It is a method of forming a behavior.
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is on a micro level (by George Herbert Mead and Max Weber..? I think?). We define certain things and associate those things/objects with meanings like social constructionism, but in a smaller setting.
There are 3 conditions:
i. Actions are derived from meanings. (Hey look an apple, I want to pick it up and eat it because I am hungry.)
ii. We have our own meanings and these meanings can be different for others. (Apple = “yummy” for person 1 and apple = “allergic reaction, stay away” for person 2)
iii. We can change our meanings. (That apple was old and icky, I am traumatized now and will be more wary of eating apples in the future.)
Symbolic interactionism deals with more social settings and interpersonal interactions. Another example not using objects just incase you don’t like apples could be a guy asking a girl to get a cup of coffee. The girl says no.
For the guy, it may mean, ‘I wanted to get coffee with her and get to know her. Her saying no maybe means she’s not into me.’
But for the girl it may mean, ‘No, because I don’t like coffee.’
I think this also deals with attribution theories here and I don’t know if that’s fine..but the main point is one action means one thing to one person and that same action means something different to another person.
Social Cognitive Theory
Social cognitive theory which relates to learning through observing and learning by seeing others in which the answer was directly facing me. Social cognitive theory is based on the principle of reciprocal determinism, where cognitive factors (self efficacy, locus of control), behavior, and environmental (includes observational learning) all influence each other.
Intersectionality
It calls attention to how identity categories like race, ethnicity, age, gender, or sexual orientation intersect in systems of social stratification.
Tools
a. CT scan – X-ray
b. MRI – Radio waves
c. PET – Radioactive glucose (CAT + MRI)
d. fMRI – MRI + Oxygen levels and blood flow
e. EEG -Electric field to give waves, no image
f. MEG – Magnetic field produced by electric currents , measured in squids and needs shielding.
Evolution Psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach to psychology that attempts to explain useful mental and psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the functional products of natural selection. I think the trick here will be to look at answers that reflect an adaption for the benefit of human beings. In this case, fatty foods are because they produce a high amount of energy compared to others.
Universal Emotions
Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Happiness Sadness
Place Theory
It posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlear’s basilar membrane and as such is a concept of auditory system
Accommodation
Accommodation is a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Accommodation: In medicine, the ability of the eye to change its focus from distant to near objects (and vice versa). This process is achieved by the lens changing its shape. Accommodation is the adjustment of the optics of the eye to keep an object in focus on the retina as its distance from the eye varies.
InterPosition
Interposition occurs in instances where one object overlaps the other, which causes us to perceive depth.
Parallel processing
In psychology, parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. Parallel processing is a part of vision in that the brain divides what it sees into four components: color, motion, shape, and depth.
Curvilinear Relationship
Curvilinear Relationship is a type of relationship between two variables where as one variable increases, so does the other variable, but only up to a certain point, after which, as one variable continues to increase, the other decreases.
Counterbalancing
Counterbalancing, according to AAMC, is a method to control for any effect that the order of presenting a stimuli might have on the dependent variable.
Atypical antipsychotics and Neuroleptics
Atypical antipsychotics and neuroleptics are similar. The difference is that the former is second generation and the latter is first generation. Both are typically used in the treatment of schizophrenia. According to AAMC, neuroleptics are the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effecting in positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.
Dependent Stressors
Dependent stressors, such as a relationship problem or failing a test, are those events that are due, at least in part, to an individual’s characteristics or behaviors, and they have been shown to be more predictive of depression than independent (“fateful”; e.g. a death in the family) stressors.
Dispositional and Situational
Things like individual personality traits, temperament, and genetics are all dispositional factors. They are things that come from within an individual that they do not have much control over. The opposite of dispositional factors are situational factors which are influences like the environment and others around you.
Looking glass self
The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept introduced by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006). The concept of the looking-glass self describes the development of one’s self and of one’s identity through one’s interpersonal interactions within the context of society.
Generalized Other
The generalized other is a concept introduced by George Herbert Mead into the social sciences, and used especially in the field of symbolic interactionism. … Any time that an actor tries to imagine what is expected of them, they are taking on the perspective of the generalized other.
Cross-sectional Data
Cross-sectional data, or a cross section of a study population, in statistics and econometrics is a type of data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, firms, countries, or regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time.
Ethnographic
Ethnographic understanding is developed through close exploration of several sources of data. Using these data sources as a foundation, the ethnographer relies on a cultural frame of analysis. Long-term engagement in the field setting or place where the ethnography takes place, is called participant observation. An ethnographic study is one that comes from ethnographic research, a qualitative method where researchers completely immerse themselves in the lives, culture, or situation they are studying. They are often lengthy studies.
Adaptive Coping Strategies
Adaptive coping strategies are those that increase our functioning while decreasing the perceived level of stress; they include exercise, meditation, sleep, and writing in a journal.
Maladaptive Coping Strategies
Maladaptive coping strategies do not increase our functioning. Rather, they temporarily decrease the symptoms while the stressor maintains its strength or becomes more stressful. For example, getting drunk allows Henry to forget about the stress related to being unemployed, but the effects of alcohol are only temporary. Once he sobers up, Henry remembers that he is unemployed, and his situation continues to be stressful, or worse, becomes more stressful over time.
Coping
The way in which we deal with or manage stress is called coping.
Thomas Theorem
The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 by William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas (1899–1977) : “ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. ” In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action.
Elements of McDonaldization
Efficiency
Calculability
Uniformity
Technical Control
Sustained Attention
This is the ability to focus on one specific task for a continuous amount of time without being distracted.
Selective Attention
This is the ability to select from many factors or stimuli and to focus on only the one that you want while filtering out other distractions.
Alternating Attention
This is the ability to switch your focus back and forth between tasks that require different cognitive demands.
Divided Attention
This is the ability to process two or more responses or react to two or more different demands simultaneously. Divided attention is often referred to as “multi-tasking”
