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MCAT FINAL > BETA FINAL MISCELLANEOUS > Flashcards

BETA FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Transposons

A

Class 1 - Copy and paste

Class 2 - Cut and paste

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2
Q

Viral Capsids

A
  1. Spherical and geometric
  2. Protein subunits
  3. Forms spontaneously around genetic material
  4. Viral enzymes NOT ribosomes form it
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3
Q

Integrase

A

Integrates viral dsDNA into the host genome NOT required for (-)RNA. Confirm the DNA type

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4
Q

Glucocorticoids vs Mineralocorticoids

A

Former - Steroid

Latter - Peptide and polar

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5
Q

Boyle’s and Charles’ Law

A

Boyle’s - P vs 1/v

Charles’ - V vs T

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6
Q

Freezing point depression and boiling point elevation

A

Formula: change in temperature = kim (check what i, k, and m mean)

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7
Q

Group 1 vs. Group 2

A

Form insoluble salts

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8
Q

Separate enantiomers

A

React with a chiral agent and I think it forms a diastereomer (confirm this)

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9
Q

Grignard

A

Reacts only those that contain carbonyl functionalities and NOT STRAIGHT CHAINS

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10
Q

Hydrogen bond donor

A

Needs a negative atom and a hydrogen atom

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11
Q

Transition vs. Intermediate states

A

Transition - Cannot be obtained via ordinary chemical means

Intermediate - Can be obtained via ordinary chemical means

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12
Q

Products of carbocations

A
  1. Elimination - Acid + Heat

2. Substitution - Acid only

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13
Q

Elimination notes

A

Favored by heat and a weak base will slow an elimination without heat

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14
Q

Stronger base

A

Most highly substituted

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15
Q

Ionotropic vs. metabotrophic

A

Ionotropic - Conductance

Metabotrophic - Second messenger

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16
Q

Refractory period notes

A

Measured in seconds NOT MINUTES

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17
Q

Photoreceptor disks

A
  1. Specialized cellular structure involved in phototransduction cascade
  2. Contains rhodopsin (rods) and photopsin (cones) which both contain retinal
  3. Retinal - Responsible for absorbing light and causing a chain of events that eventually allows the photoreceptor to activate.
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18
Q

Fovea notes

A
  1. Fovea is visual acuity (form, color, spatial resolution)
  2. Cones in fovea have slow recovery period
  3. Cones have increased spatial resolution and decreased temporal resolution. Temporal is detection of light and changes in light (probably rods)
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19
Q

Alpha carbon

A

Carbon beside the carbonyl carbon

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20
Q

Acetal and Ketal

A

Protect aldehydes and ketones

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21
Q

Epoxides

A

Form something and peroxyacid and then a mixture of diastereomers

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22
Q

Sodium hydride

A

Strong base and will abstract a H+ (proton) and leave a carbanion

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23
Q

PCl4, PCl3, PCl5

A

PCL4 is wrong because it is unstable

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24
Q

SoCl2

A

Converts carboxylic acids to acyl halides

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25
Q

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol

A

Esters

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26
Q

Water and Acid (carboxylic acid)

A

Same acid

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27
Q

Entropy change

A

Heat/Temperature (Q/T)

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28
Q

Semantic knowledge

A

Knowledge about the environment

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29
Q

Conceptual knowledge

A

Static facts within a certain domain of knowledge

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30
Q

Strategic knowledge

A

Set of rules or steps that explain a formula for analysis

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31
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Body, brain, and environment

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32
Q

Information processing

A

Passive

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33
Q

Information processing

A

Passive

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34
Q

Stages of Change Assessment

A
  1. Action - Plan put into practice
  2. Preparation - Individual begins to plan what it would take to make change happen
  3. Precontemplation - Individual is unaware of any issues with their life or behavior and has no plans to change
  4. Contemplation - Individual is aware that there is problem and actively thinking about ways to solve the problem
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35
Q

Fear vs. Anxiety

A

Fear - response to known threat; current and tangible threat

Anxiet - Response to an unknown threat

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36
Q

Divergent problem solving

A

Creativity and originality to solve problems. Convergent will be opposite of this

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37
Q

Inductive

A

Thinking about specific situation nad applying that information to broad principles

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38
Q

Deductive

A

Thinking and using broad principles and applying information to specific situations

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39
Q

Selective exposure

A

Avoidance of something to reduce dissonance

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40
Q

Post-decisional dissonance

A
  1. Part of selective exposure. It follows an impulsive purchase that is difficult to return
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41
Q

Minimal justification

A

Part of selective exposure

  • Impulsive action that was performed without a real reason
42
Q

Residual schizophrenia

A

Lack of delusions and hallucinations

43
Q

Catatonic schizophrenia

A
  1. Withdrawal
  2. Muteness
  3. Hyperactivity
  4. Hold uncomfortable and bizarre positions for bizarre positions for an extended period of time or sit still
44
Q

Paranoid sch

A
  1. Grandiosity
  2. Persecution
  3. Suspicion
45
Q

Disorganized

A
  1. Incoherent speech and thought
46
Q

Ethanol consumption

A

Reduces liver’s ability to produce glucose

47
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  1. No production of insulin

2. Rapid, loss of weight (muscle mass)

48
Q

Power

A
  1. Function of significance level
  2. Magnitude of change
  3. Sample size
49
Q

Cellulose

A

beta(1->4)

50
Q

Absorption

A
  1. Duodenum - Proteins and carbs absorption

2, Ileum - fats and fat-soluble absorption

51
Q

Erythropoietin and Cortisol

A
  1. Cortisol - Increased glucose levels

2. Erythropoietin - Increased RBC

52
Q

Hemoglobin saturation

A

Blood oxygen levels determined

53
Q

T-lymphocyte maturation

A

Thymus

54
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Increased WBC

55
Q

Coagulation

A

Vitamin K is a precursor for factors linked with the coagulation cascade, its absorption is linked to the intestinal microbiota; blood changes from liquid to gel

56
Q

Consequential

A

Something happens as a result of something else

57
Q

Correlation

A

2 events are linked with each other but do not necessarily imply causation

58
Q

-ve and +ve slope

A

Measuring increase is by closer to the y-axis

59
Q

Maximal Torque due to gravity

A

Lmg

60
Q

Torque for fized angular displacement

A

mgL*sin(theta)

61
Q

Accelaration due to gravity effect

A

Affects frequency and period

62
Q

Torque notes

A
  1. Torque increases with increased tilt angle

2. Angle of torque does not contribute to the amplitude of the signal in successive cycles

63
Q

Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Ketogenesis; Ketolysis

A

Lipogenesis - metabolic formation of fats

Lipolysis - metabolic breakdown of fats (oxidation)

Ketogenesis - Breakdown of fats to ketone bodies

Ketogenolysis - Breakdown of ketone bodies

64
Q

Notes on X-linked and autosomal dominant

A

DO NOT skip generation

65
Q

Fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis; Glucagon

A
  1. Fatty acid oxidation FUELS gluconeogenesis; an anabolic process, which maintains blood glucose levels in a fast
  2. Pyruvate carboxylase - gluconeogenesis; Glucose-6-phosphatase - Gluconeogenesis; Fatty acid synthase (anabolic)
  3. Glucagon - Glycogen - Glucose, liver; Gluconeogensis - AAs; stimulate FAa release from adipose tissues
66
Q

Ideal Gas Laws Notes

A
  1. The volume is larger than would be expected by gas laws becasue we need more space to not bump into each other and if you want to make P constantm V has to be a bit bigger
  2. Pressure real is small because of inward attractive force
67
Q

Power of Lens

A
  1. Diopters

2. 1/m or m-1

68
Q

Dispersion

A
  1. variation of wave speed that produces the separation of white light into a full spectrum.
  2. It would not improve vision, and a pinhole will not induce this effect
69
Q

Diffraction

A

Does not negate effects of myopia

70
Q

Pinhole

A

Allows light to come in almost entirely parallel to the lens, which would pass straight through and avoid refractive errors seen in myopia.

71
Q

Superheating (Distillation)

A
  1. Heat (a liquid) under pressure above its boiling point without vaporization
  2. Heat (a vapor) above its temperature of saturation.
  3. Heat to a very high temperature.
72
Q

Bumping

A

Bumping is a phenomenon in chemistry where homogenous liquids boiled in a test tube or other container will superheat and, upon nucleation, rapid boiling will expel the liquid from the container.

73
Q

Air bubbles and boiling chips in Distillation

A

They break the surface tension of the liquid being heated and prevent superheating and bumping.

74
Q

Rate limiting step of Gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase converts fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate, using one water molecule and releasing one phosphate (in glycolysis, phosphofructokinase 1 converts F6P and ATP to F1,6BP and ADP). This is also the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis.

75
Q

Rate limiting step of Glycolysis

A

Regulated only by excess glucose-6-phosphate. If G6P accumulates in the cell, there is feedback inhibition of hexokinase till the G6P is consumed. The phosphofructokinase step is rate-limiting step of glycolysis. High AMP/ADP levels are activators of this enzyme, while high ATP levels are inhibitory (energy charge).

76
Q

Rate-Limiting Step

A

In chemical kinetics, the overall rate of a reaction is often approximately determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step (RDS) or rate-limiting step.

77
Q

PFK-1 vs PFK-2

A

PFK-1 catalyzes the important “committed” step of glycolysis, the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP. … The key difference between the regulation of PFK in eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that in eukaryotes PFK is activated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.

78
Q

Boiling Point

A

The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surface pressure. The normal boiling point is measured at 1 atm pressure. The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with increasing temperature. Hence, the boiling point of a liquid decreases as the pressure on the surface of the liquid is decreased. If a leak develops in the apparatus, the surface pressure will increase, as will the boiling points of both liquids.

79
Q

Why do transition metals make colored solutions or precipitates

A

The solution containing nickel(II) ions is green colored. The color arises because nickel(II) ion has partially filled d orbitals and the electrons in the lower energy d orbitals absorb visible light to move to the higher energy d orbitals.

80
Q

First ionization energy and subsequent ones

A

The first ionization energy is lowest when the removal of the electron results in a complete shell or subshell, and the highest when the removal of the electron disrupts a complete shell or subshell. Another thing is to realize the effect of nuclear charge too after taking this first thing into consideration. Krypton, a noble gas, has a complete outer shell of electrons and therefore has an extremely high ionization energy. Potassium, with only electron in its outermost shell, has a low ionization energy.

81
Q

Ionic bond note

A

An ionic bond is most likely to form between elements of very high and very low electronegativity. In practice this generally means elements at the far right and far left of the periodic table respectively.

82
Q

Alcohols generally require acid catalysis in order to undergo substitution by nucleophiles. Why?

A

The question asks the examinee to remember that the substitution reaction in question serves to replace the hydroxyl group and that hydroxide ion is one of the worst leaving groups in substitution reactions. Under acidic conditions, the hydroxyl group is protonated such that the leaving group is now water, a superior leaving group rather than hydroxide ion.

83
Q

Mutarotation

A

Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation because of the change in the equilibrium between two anomers, when the corresponding stereocenters interconvert. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert.

84
Q

Dipole Moment

A

ole moments occur when there is a separation of charge. They can occur between two ions in an ionic bond or between atoms in a covalent bond; dipole moments arise from differences in electronegativity. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment. The distance between the charge separation is also a deciding factor into the size of the dipole moment. The dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of the molecule. A dipolar ion like a zwitterion ion is such that, polarity in neutral molecules results from an uneven distribution of electron density, which can arise from separation of unlike charges. This occurs in zwitterions and ylides (what are these?). In addition, molecules that contain strongly electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents are highly polar and possess correspondingly high dipole moments.

85
Q

Ylide

A

A ylide or ylid is a neutral dipolar molecule containing a formally negatively charged atom directly attached to a heteroatom with a formal positive charge, and in which both atoms have full octets of electrons. Note the difference between the ylide and zwitterion. Ylide is direct attachment and zwitterion is not.

86
Q

Ksp

A

The amount of a substance that will dissolve in water in described by the Ksp. The Ksp for a substance, AaBb, equals [A]a[B]b. If the amount of the compound present is in excess of the Ksp, then a precipitate would form to maintain the Ksp.

87
Q

Epidermal Layers

A

Corneum - Randomly/continuously slough off; 15-20 layers dead keratinocytes.
Lucidum - Clear because keratinocytes are dead; lost nucleus and organelles
Granulosum - Keratinocytes granules (“keratin-handling proteins”); release lamellar bodies; form lipid layer
Spinosum - Desmosome joined keratinocytes filled with water; shriveled, spiny joined by desmosome lose water; Langerhaus immune cells
Basale - Keratinocytes separated; formed by cytokinesis; toughness of skin; melanocytes; rapid cell division; skin color

88
Q

Dermal Layers

A

Papillary layers - Thin connective tissues (actin and collagen); blood vessels; nerve endings; erector muscles

Reticular Dermis - Thick connective tissues; hair follicle; sweat & exocrine glands

89
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Meissner’s Corpuscle - light touch; constantly changing stimulus; PAPILLARY DERMIS
  2. Paccinian (lamellar) corpuscle - Deep touch; constantly changing stimulus; HYPODERMIS
  3. Merkel’s Disk - Sustained light touch; STRATUM BASALE IN BETWEEN PAPILLARY BASALE
  4. Ruffinian’s corpuscle - Sustained deep touch; RETICULAR DERMIS
  5. Hair follicle receptor - light touch on hairy skin; requires constantly changing stimulus due to collagen; RETICULAR DERMIS
90
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Hindsight bias is a term used in psychology to explain the tendency of people to overestimate their ability to have predicted an outcome that could not possibly have been predicted.

91
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating digits presented to a specific ear is an example of SHADOWING or something along those lines.

92
Q

Language production and Comprehension

A

Occurs in the left hemisphere

93
Q

Socialization and Agents of Socialization

A

Socialization is a lifelong process during which we learn about social expectations and how to interact with other people. Nearly all of the behavior that we consider to be ‘human nature’ is actually learned through socialization.

94
Q

Sensory Stimulus

A

Sensory stimulus is more referring to the type of information being received by your receptors which elicits a response… ie: light, heat, touch, sound, etc.

95
Q

Distal and Proximal stimulus

A

Distal stimulus: object which provides information for the proximal stimulus

Proximal stimulus: stimulus registered by the sensory receptors

96
Q

Context Effects

A

Context effects: not relevant to a person’s judgment and decision making process, but can still have a biasing impact on those processes. It could be from the environment or a source.

97
Q

Partial Report Technique

A

Partial report technique: reporting 3/4 letters from any row. sensory/iconic memory

98
Q

Word Association Testing

A

Word association testing: In a word association test, the researcher presents a series of words to individual respondents. For each word, participants are instructed to respond with the first word (i.e., associate) that comes to mind. Freud believed that such responses provided clues to peoples’ personalities (free association).

99
Q

Operational Span Testing

A

Operational span testing: STM testing how much you can keep somethign in memory.

100
Q

Feature detectors

A

Feature detectors are specific neurons in the brain that fire in response to particular visual features, such as lines, edges, angles and movement. This info is then passed along to other neurons that begin to assimilate these distinct features into more complex. objects, and so on.

MCAT FINAL (7 decks)

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