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MCAT FINAL > FINAL MISCELLANEOUS > Flashcards

FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

CONSERVATION OF Charges

A

Net is equal to zero

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2
Q

Formula for Electric field

A

N/C; F/q; kq/r^2; 2kpisigma (charge density)

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3
Q

Electric Potential Energy

A

Fd; kq^2/r; qEd; Vd

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4
Q

Electric potential

A

J/C; Fd/q; kq^2/r

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5
Q

Resistance Electricity

A

(Rho * L)/A

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6
Q

Capacitance

A

eA/D; A/(4pik)*D; Q/V; make it bigger and further apart will increase it

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7
Q

Charge density

A

Q/A

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8
Q

Capacitance Electric field

A

4kpi*charge density

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9
Q

Energy of capacitor

A

1/(2*QV); 1/2 * CV^2; 1/2 *Q^2/C

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10
Q

Resistivity and Conductivity

A

Inverse relationship

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11
Q

Capacitance Total

A

Capacitance series is reciprocal sum and capacitance parallel is linear sum

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12
Q

Magnetic Force

A

velocityQB(field)*sin90

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13
Q

Right hand rule

A

Index is direction of velocity; middel is magnetic field; thumb is force and don’t forget negative charge

Dont forget right hand rule for coil

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14
Q

Centripetal force

A

(M*v^2)/r

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15
Q

Angular momentum

A

L = mvR

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16
Q

Moment of inertia

A

High Rotational KE = High moment of inertia

Rotational energy + translational energy = PE

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17
Q

Polarized light formula

A

Half of incident if just one polarized light

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18
Q

Polarized light formula

A

Half of incident if just one polarized light

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19
Q

Buoyant force

A

Higher buoyant force is higher volume and does not depend on pressure or volume

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20
Q

Absolute (Total) Pressure

A

Gauge or ambient pressure + Atmospheric pressure

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21
Q

Friction

A

Kinetic - sliding

Static - Slipping

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22
Q

Condenser plate and extras

A
  • Helps with deposition and too cold to rehydrate

- Apparent weghtlessness is NOT equal to zero acceleration

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23
Q

Impulse vs. momentum

A

Impulse - F*t

Momentum - Mass*velocity

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24
Q

Specific rotation

A

Observed/length*concentration

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25
Q

Redox reaction

A

Look at list for acids and bases

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26
Q

Energy with Light

A

E = mc^2; N/Z = 1 (Stable) and > 1 is unstable; NSF > EF

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27
Q

Dipole moment

A

Charge * Distance

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28
Q

Energy of a photon

A

Incident energy + KE of photon

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29
Q

Catalytic efficiency

A

Kcat/Km; Kcat = Vmax/Et

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30
Q

Steric number

A

Number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs

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31
Q

Turnover number

A

Kcat; the number of times each enzyme site converts substrate to product per unit time.

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32
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormally slow heart action

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33
Q

Transformation

A

Genetic alteration of a cell from incorporating outside DNA

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34
Q

Transduction

A

Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.

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35
Q

Conjugation

A

Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor.

F+ and F- OR Ff and F-

Viable or not-viable is do not count

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36
Q

Directional selection

A

When an extreme phenotype is favored over another

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37
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Type of natural selection in which population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value.

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38
Q

Disruptive/Diversifying

A

Extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.

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39
Q

Autosomal Diseases and Monosomy Y

A

Non-sex diseases; Non-viable humans need at least one and chromosome in order to survive

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40
Q

Sex Syndrome

A

Klinefelter
Turner
Poly-Y

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41
Q

Phospholipids

A
  1. Form tight crystalline structure

2. Increase rigidity of cell membrane

42
Q

Myogenic activity

A

A contraction initiated by the myocyte itself instead of an outside occurrence or stimulus, such as nerve innervation

43
Q

Yellow and Red Bone Marrow

A

Yellow - Fat storage (energy storage) and Red - Red blood cells

44
Q

Pyloric sphincter and Cardiac sphincter

A

Pyloric - Stomach to duodenum

Cardiac - Esophagus to stomach

45
Q

Peristalsis and kidney exercises

A

Esophagus, small, and large intestine; water-soluble vitamins, small stuff, and NOT leukocytes, polysaccharides, plasma proteins, and too large stuff. Amino acids and monosaccharides can pass because they can pass.

46
Q

Electrical Signal Heart contraction

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node -> Atrioventrial (AV) node -> His bundles -> Purkinje fibers

47
Q

Vasa recta

A

One of the series of long loops of thin-walled blood vessels (efferent arterioles) that dip down alongside the loop of Henle in the vertebrate kidney. They pass blood into the inter-lumbar vein and then into the renal vein.

48
Q

O+ and O-

A

Universal donors
- O+ - rh antigen - Only + blood group transfer
O- no rh antigen - only + and - blood groups

49
Q

Active (natural and artificial) immunity and passive (natural and artificial)

A

Active - Production of Ab by the body itself and the subsequent development of memory cells. Also, Natural is from pathogen exposure and passive is from attenuated vaccine

Passive - Acquisition of Ab from another source and hence memory cells are not developed. Natural (receive from another organism) and artificial (manufactured ab via external delivery)

50
Q

Aminopeptidases

A

Class of enzymes that work throughout the body - Basic

51
Q

Antidiuretic

A

Promote water retention in the body

52
Q

Peptide hormones

A

ADH, Glucagon, and insulin

53
Q

LH Hormone; Menstruation

A

LH Hormone - LH surge peaks prior to ovulation and triggers ovulation and menstruation - low levels of estrogen and progesterone

54
Q

Development stages of Fetus

A

Zygote -> Cleavage -> Morula -> Blastrulation -> Gastrulation -> Neurulation

55
Q

Bringing into cells

A

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and endocytosis and out is exocytosis

56
Q

ADH and Aldosterone

A

ADH - Collecting duct while Aldosterone - collecting duct and tubules

57
Q

Homologous and Analogous

A

Plant organs which resemble one another with regard to their external appearance and function but differ in their origin and true morphological nature (anatomy) are called analogous, and the study of these organs is called an analogy. Organs are said to be homologous which in their structure and function differ from one another but have a similar morphological origin (anatomy) and the study of these organs is called homology. True homologous organs are those which differ in appearance and function but morphologically of similar origin and structure, e.g. foliage leaves and scale leaves are homologous organs.

58
Q

Pathogenesis

A

When a female can develop a new individual without fertilization occurring. Bacteria have no male/female.

59
Q

Humans, bacteria, and virus DNA (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and virus)

A

Virus - circular or linear ssDNA
Bacteria - Circular dsDNA
Humans - Linear dsDNA

60
Q

Sperm development cell cycle

A

Spermatogonium -> (mitosis) -> Primary spermatocyte -> (meiosis I) -> Secondary spermatocyte -> Finish meiosis 2 -> Spermatids

61
Q

Ketone Bodies

A

Learn their structures Acetoacetate has a ketone reduced to get 2-hydroxybutyrate

62
Q

Respiratory alkalosis, fetal Hb, myoglobin, and Recombination

A

Respiratory alkalosis - high pH, low Co2, and acidosis is the opposite
fetal hb - higher affinity for oxygen than myoglobin and adult hb
Myoglobin - No quarternary and so no subunits and no cooperativity

63
Q

Recombination and Polymerase Note

A

Recombination is the exchange of genetic material or swapping

RNA polymerase - can initiate the synthesis of polynucleic strands and DNA polymerase, ligase, or reverse transcriptase CANNOT

64
Q

hnRNA, RNA poly 1, RNA poly 3, Start codon, and stop codon

A

hnRNA - heterogenous nuclear RNA or pre-mRNA
RNA poly 1 - makes rRNA (nucleolus)
RNA poly 3 - RNA and tRNA (processed in the cytoplasm)
Start codon - AUG
Stop codon - UGA, UAA, UAG

65
Q

Mutarotation

A

Glucose can alternate between its alpha and beta anomers (isomers that differ only at the anomeric carbon). This process results in the specific rotation of a compound.

66
Q

Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen

A

CTP and glycogen are energy sources that are most necessary when a tissue is highly metabolically active. Active skeletal muscle is the most metabolically active.

67
Q

Ghrelin and Leptin

A

Ghrelin - Increases hunger and Leptin - decreases hunger

68
Q

ATP Hydrolysis note

A

ATP hydrolysis delta G is not affected by pH

69
Q

Learn the steroid generation pathway - HMG-coA reductase

A

Acts as part of the metabolic pathway, a cholesterol production process occurring in the liver

70
Q

Ketolysis, Fatty acid synthesis

A

Ketolysis - Breakdown of ketone bodies to yield energy - occurs in brain, skeletal, and cardiac BUT NOT LIVER (lacks the enzymes)

Fatty acid synthesized by the body - Palmitic acid

NOT synthesized - Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid

71
Q

REVIEW THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP

A

PRODUCED BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND BETA-OXIDATION, and other relevant stuff

72
Q

Complexes and protons

A

Complex 1 - 4
Complx 2 - 0
Complex 3 - 3 (4)
Complex 4 - 2

73
Q

GLUT 1

A

Location - all bodily tissues, red blood cells, brain blood vessels, and fetal tissues

Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE

74
Q

GLUT 2

A

Location - all bodily tissues, liver, kidney, pancreas, and small intestine

Transport - Glucose (not as strong as GLUT 1 but strongest affinity when in excess), galactose, and FRUCTOSE

75
Q

GLUT 3

A

Location - all bodily tissues, brain, placenta, and testes, and major transporter for neurons and nerve cells

Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE

76
Q

GLUT 4

A

Location - all bodily tissues, cardiac muscle, skeletal system, and adipocyte cells

Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity)

77
Q

SGLUT

A

Cotransporter molecule

Location - all bodily tissues, intestinal mucosa and kidneys

Transport - one molecule of Glucose/galactose, two sodium ions, and NOT FRUCTOSE

78
Q

Antisense strand

A

Can make a strand non-translatable

79
Q

Electrophoretic isolation

A

Protein walking

80
Q

Restriction Endonucleases

A

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites:
EcoRI - 5’-GAATTC-3’ E. coli
BamHI - 5’-GGATCC-3’ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
HindIII - 5’-AAGCTT-3’ Haemophilus influenzae
SmaI - 5’-CCCGGG-3’ Serratia marcescens
SacI - 5’-GAGCTC-3’ Streptomyces achromogenes

DON’T FORGET THEIR COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS

81
Q

HCl

A

Major acid produced by the body - stomach

82
Q

Gram equivalent weight

A

Mass per acidic proton. So do the total mass and divide by the total number of protons

83
Q

Ideal gases

A

Low pressure, high temperature, and weakest IMF

84
Q

Molality

A

No of moles of solute/Kg of solvent

85
Q

Nitrite and Nitrate

A

NO2- and NO3-

86
Q

Endothermic and Exothermic two mwthods determination

A

Look at the reactant enthalpy and the product’s. If E of product is higher then exothermic and vice versa.

What about the difference method?

87
Q

Deposition

A

Gas -> solid

88
Q

Temperature and K; Amphoteric; and separation important fact; anhydrides formation

A

Temperature - increased K
Amphoteric - base and acid
Separation - Serial extractions are better than single ones
Anhydrides - can be formed from two carboxylic acids

89
Q

Keto and Enol

A

Keto form is much more stable than the enol form, with the exception of special circumstances, such as cases in which formation of the enol confers aromaticity of the molecule

90
Q

Benzene substituent positioning; acetal and ketal formation (Check this)

A

Ortho - next
Meta - one space
Para - Opposite or two spaces

Acetals and Ketals - Acids
Hemiacetals and hemiketals - Alcohols

91
Q

s and p character; LUMO and HOMO

A

sp3 - 25% and 75 %
sp2 - 33% and 67%
sp - 50% and 50%

LUMO - Lowest unoccupied Molecular Orbital
HOMO - Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital

92
Q

Important Notes: IR signal; Object submerge; Av and Av2; Dispersion; Interference

A

IR signal - Symmetrical removes it
Portion submerged - specific gravity
Volume displaced of water - Mass displaced - Buoyant force
Av1 = Av2 (remember effects)
Dispersion is spreading out and NOT INTERRFERENCE THAT COMBINES (reflection)

93
Q

Total Internal reflection; Greatest bend/refraction/deviation;Power;electric field

A

For it to occur, the light must be travelling from a high index of refraction to a low index and remember the calculation

Increased frequency and smallest wavelength is the greatest bend

Attack current to minimize power transmission lines

Electric field sum as vectors. Field lines point outward from positive charges and in towards negative charges. At the point exactly midway between two positive charges will be equal in magnitude and direction.

94
Q

Archimedes’ Principle

A

It states that objects displace their weight in water. As long as objects are floating, they displace enough water to support their mass. By turning solid into liquid, the mass of water does not change so the cube will keep displacing the same amount of water

95
Q

Volume flow rate and Efficiency

A

Area * velocity; Output/Input * 100

96
Q

Heavier vs. Lighter weight

A
  1. Larger absolute difference threshold than lighter weight

2. Relative ratio between the difference thresholds of light vs. a heavy weight would be equal to Weber’s law

97
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Low temperature - Unsaturated and steroids - increased fluidity
High temperature - Unsaturated and decreased steroids - increased fluidity

98
Q

CASHNGIA

A 
Chlorates
Acetates
Sulfates
Halides
Group 1
Ammonium
99
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular and simple eukaryotes

100
Q

Gram +ve and -ve

A

Gram +ve = Thick cell wall and no external membrane

Gram -ve = Thin cell wall and external membrane

MCAT FINAL (7 decks)

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