FINAL MISCELLANEOUS Flashcards
CONSERVATION OF Charges
Net is equal to zero
Formula for Electric field
N/C; F/q; kq/r^2; 2kpisigma (charge density)
Electric Potential Energy
Fd; kq^2/r; qEd; Vd
Electric potential
J/C; Fd/q; kq^2/r
Resistance Electricity
(Rho * L)/A
Capacitance
eA/D; A/(4pik)*D; Q/V; make it bigger and further apart will increase it
Charge density
Q/A
Capacitance Electric field
4kpi*charge density
Energy of capacitor
1/(2*QV); 1/2 * CV^2; 1/2 *Q^2/C
Resistivity and Conductivity
Inverse relationship
Capacitance Total
Capacitance series is reciprocal sum and capacitance parallel is linear sum
Magnetic Force
velocityQB(field)*sin90
Right hand rule
Index is direction of velocity; middel is magnetic field; thumb is force and don’t forget negative charge
Dont forget right hand rule for coil
Centripetal force
(M*v^2)/r
Angular momentum
L = mvR
Moment of inertia
High Rotational KE = High moment of inertia
Rotational energy + translational energy = PE
Polarized light formula
Half of incident if just one polarized light
Polarized light formula
Half of incident if just one polarized light
Buoyant force
Higher buoyant force is higher volume and does not depend on pressure or volume
Absolute (Total) Pressure
Gauge or ambient pressure + Atmospheric pressure
Friction
Kinetic - sliding
Static - Slipping
Condenser plate and extras
- Helps with deposition and too cold to rehydrate
- Apparent weghtlessness is NOT equal to zero acceleration
Impulse vs. momentum
Impulse - F*t
Momentum - Mass*velocity
Specific rotation
Observed/length*concentration
Redox reaction
Look at list for acids and bases
Energy with Light
E = mc^2; N/Z = 1 (Stable) and > 1 is unstable; NSF > EF
Dipole moment
Charge * Distance
Energy of a photon
Incident energy + KE of photon
Catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km; Kcat = Vmax/Et
Steric number
Number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs
Turnover number
Kcat; the number of times each enzyme site converts substrate to product per unit time.
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heart action
Transformation
Genetic alteration of a cell from incorporating outside DNA
Transduction
Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.
Conjugation
Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient. The donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor, or F-factor.
F+ and F- OR Ff and F-
Viable or not-viable is do not count
Directional selection
When an extreme phenotype is favored over another
Stabilizing selection
Type of natural selection in which population mean stabilizes on a particular non-extreme trait value.
Disruptive/Diversifying
Extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.
Autosomal Diseases and Monosomy Y
Non-sex diseases; Non-viable humans need at least one and chromosome in order to survive
Sex Syndrome
Klinefelter
Turner
Poly-Y
Phospholipids
- Form tight crystalline structure
2. Increase rigidity of cell membrane
Myogenic activity
A contraction initiated by the myocyte itself instead of an outside occurrence or stimulus, such as nerve innervation
Yellow and Red Bone Marrow
Yellow - Fat storage (energy storage) and Red - Red blood cells
Pyloric sphincter and Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric - Stomach to duodenum
Cardiac - Esophagus to stomach
Peristalsis and kidney exercises
Esophagus, small, and large intestine; water-soluble vitamins, small stuff, and NOT leukocytes, polysaccharides, plasma proteins, and too large stuff. Amino acids and monosaccharides can pass because they can pass.
Electrical Signal Heart contraction
Sinoatrial (SA) node -> Atrioventrial (AV) node -> His bundles -> Purkinje fibers
Vasa recta
One of the series of long loops of thin-walled blood vessels (efferent arterioles) that dip down alongside the loop of Henle in the vertebrate kidney. They pass blood into the inter-lumbar vein and then into the renal vein.
O+ and O-
Universal donors
- O+ - rh antigen - Only + blood group transfer
O- no rh antigen - only + and - blood groups
Active (natural and artificial) immunity and passive (natural and artificial)
Active - Production of Ab by the body itself and the subsequent development of memory cells. Also, Natural is from pathogen exposure and passive is from attenuated vaccine
Passive - Acquisition of Ab from another source and hence memory cells are not developed. Natural (receive from another organism) and artificial (manufactured ab via external delivery)
Aminopeptidases
Class of enzymes that work throughout the body - Basic
Antidiuretic
Promote water retention in the body
Peptide hormones
ADH, Glucagon, and insulin
LH Hormone; Menstruation
LH Hormone - LH surge peaks prior to ovulation and triggers ovulation and menstruation - low levels of estrogen and progesterone
Development stages of Fetus
Zygote -> Cleavage -> Morula -> Blastrulation -> Gastrulation -> Neurulation
Bringing into cells
Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and endocytosis and out is exocytosis
ADH and Aldosterone
ADH - Collecting duct while Aldosterone - collecting duct and tubules
Homologous and Analogous
Plant organs which resemble one another with regard to their external appearance and function but differ in their origin and true morphological nature (anatomy) are called analogous, and the study of these organs is called an analogy. Organs are said to be homologous which in their structure and function differ from one another but have a similar morphological origin (anatomy) and the study of these organs is called homology. True homologous organs are those which differ in appearance and function but morphologically of similar origin and structure, e.g. foliage leaves and scale leaves are homologous organs.
Pathogenesis
When a female can develop a new individual without fertilization occurring. Bacteria have no male/female.
Humans, bacteria, and virus DNA (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and virus)
Virus - circular or linear ssDNA
Bacteria - Circular dsDNA
Humans - Linear dsDNA
Sperm development cell cycle
Spermatogonium -> (mitosis) -> Primary spermatocyte -> (meiosis I) -> Secondary spermatocyte -> Finish meiosis 2 -> Spermatids
Ketone Bodies
Learn their structures Acetoacetate has a ketone reduced to get 2-hydroxybutyrate
Respiratory alkalosis, fetal Hb, myoglobin, and Recombination
Respiratory alkalosis - high pH, low Co2, and acidosis is the opposite
fetal hb - higher affinity for oxygen than myoglobin and adult hb
Myoglobin - No quarternary and so no subunits and no cooperativity
Recombination and Polymerase Note
Recombination is the exchange of genetic material or swapping
RNA polymerase - can initiate the synthesis of polynucleic strands and DNA polymerase, ligase, or reverse transcriptase CANNOT
hnRNA, RNA poly 1, RNA poly 3, Start codon, and stop codon
hnRNA - heterogenous nuclear RNA or pre-mRNA
RNA poly 1 - makes rRNA (nucleolus)
RNA poly 3 - RNA and tRNA (processed in the cytoplasm)
Start codon - AUG
Stop codon - UGA, UAA, UAG
Mutarotation
Glucose can alternate between its alpha and beta anomers (isomers that differ only at the anomeric carbon). This process results in the specific rotation of a compound.
Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen
CTP and glycogen are energy sources that are most necessary when a tissue is highly metabolically active. Active skeletal muscle is the most metabolically active.
Ghrelin and Leptin
Ghrelin - Increases hunger and Leptin - decreases hunger
ATP Hydrolysis note
ATP hydrolysis delta G is not affected by pH
Learn the steroid generation pathway - HMG-coA reductase
Acts as part of the metabolic pathway, a cholesterol production process occurring in the liver
Ketolysis, Fatty acid synthesis
Ketolysis - Breakdown of ketone bodies to yield energy - occurs in brain, skeletal, and cardiac BUT NOT LIVER (lacks the enzymes)
Fatty acid synthesized by the body - Palmitic acid
NOT synthesized - Linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid
REVIEW THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP
PRODUCED BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND BETA-OXIDATION, and other relevant stuff
Complexes and protons
Complex 1 - 4
Complx 2 - 0
Complex 3 - 3 (4)
Complex 4 - 2
GLUT 1
Location - all bodily tissues, red blood cells, brain blood vessels, and fetal tissues
Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE
GLUT 2
Location - all bodily tissues, liver, kidney, pancreas, and small intestine
Transport - Glucose (not as strong as GLUT 1 but strongest affinity when in excess), galactose, and FRUCTOSE
GLUT 3
Location - all bodily tissues, brain, placenta, and testes, and major transporter for neurons and nerve cells
Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity), galactose and NOT FRUCTOSE
GLUT 4
Location - all bodily tissues, cardiac muscle, skeletal system, and adipocyte cells
Transport - Glucose (strongest affinity)
SGLUT
Cotransporter molecule
Location - all bodily tissues, intestinal mucosa and kidneys
Transport - one molecule of Glucose/galactose, two sodium ions, and NOT FRUCTOSE
Antisense strand
Can make a strand non-translatable
Electrophoretic isolation
Protein walking
Restriction Endonucleases
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites:
EcoRI - 5’-GAATTC-3’ E. coli
BamHI - 5’-GGATCC-3’ Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
HindIII - 5’-AAGCTT-3’ Haemophilus influenzae
SmaI - 5’-CCCGGG-3’ Serratia marcescens
SacI - 5’-GAGCTC-3’ Streptomyces achromogenes
DON’T FORGET THEIR COMPLEMENTARY STRANDS
HCl
Major acid produced by the body - stomach
Gram equivalent weight
Mass per acidic proton. So do the total mass and divide by the total number of protons
Ideal gases
Low pressure, high temperature, and weakest IMF
Molality
No of moles of solute/Kg of solvent
Nitrite and Nitrate
NO2- and NO3-
Endothermic and Exothermic two mwthods determination
Look at the reactant enthalpy and the product’s. If E of product is higher then exothermic and vice versa.
What about the difference method?
Deposition
Gas -> solid
Temperature and K; Amphoteric; and separation important fact; anhydrides formation
Temperature - increased K
Amphoteric - base and acid
Separation - Serial extractions are better than single ones
Anhydrides - can be formed from two carboxylic acids
Keto and Enol
Keto form is much more stable than the enol form, with the exception of special circumstances, such as cases in which formation of the enol confers aromaticity of the molecule
Benzene substituent positioning; acetal and ketal formation (Check this)
Ortho - next
Meta - one space
Para - Opposite or two spaces
Acetals and Ketals - Acids
Hemiacetals and hemiketals - Alcohols
s and p character; LUMO and HOMO
sp3 - 25% and 75 %
sp2 - 33% and 67%
sp - 50% and 50%
LUMO - Lowest unoccupied Molecular Orbital
HOMO - Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
Important Notes: IR signal; Object submerge; Av and Av2; Dispersion; Interference
IR signal - Symmetrical removes it
Portion submerged - specific gravity
Volume displaced of water - Mass displaced - Buoyant force
Av1 = Av2 (remember effects)
Dispersion is spreading out and NOT INTERRFERENCE THAT COMBINES (reflection)
Total Internal reflection; Greatest bend/refraction/deviation;Power;electric field
For it to occur, the light must be travelling from a high index of refraction to a low index and remember the calculation
Increased frequency and smallest wavelength is the greatest bend
Attack current to minimize power transmission lines
Electric field sum as vectors. Field lines point outward from positive charges and in towards negative charges. At the point exactly midway between two positive charges will be equal in magnitude and direction.
Archimedes’ Principle
It states that objects displace their weight in water. As long as objects are floating, they displace enough water to support their mass. By turning solid into liquid, the mass of water does not change so the cube will keep displacing the same amount of water
Volume flow rate and Efficiency
Area * velocity; Output/Input * 100
Heavier vs. Lighter weight
- Larger absolute difference threshold than lighter weight
2. Relative ratio between the difference thresholds of light vs. a heavy weight would be equal to Weber’s law
Membrane fluidity
Low temperature - Unsaturated and steroids - increased fluidity
High temperature - Unsaturated and decreased steroids - increased fluidity
CASHNGIA
Chlorates Acetates Sulfates Halides Group 1 Ammonium
Protozoa
Unicellular and simple eukaryotes
Gram +ve and -ve
Gram +ve = Thick cell wall and no external membrane
Gram -ve = Thin cell wall and external membrane
