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Human Movement Science - BPT07 > Gait Cycle > Flashcards

Gait Cycle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Locomotion

A

Variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.
Crutches, walking sticks etc. is equipment helping with locomotion.

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2
Q

Walking

A

Primary form of locomotion, most efficient form of energy consumption.
Doesn’t require voluntary control (not thinking about hip flexion and contraction of muscles while walking).
Automatic in normal circumstances.
Repetitive gait cycle, moving the same muscles and stance.

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3
Q

Human Gait

A

Type of locomotion that uses sequences of movements of several body segments, to propel the body forward, with the lease energy expenditure (most efficient).

  • Kinetics (force)
  • Kinematics (movement)
  • Posture analysis
  • Clinical/functional assessment
  • Research
  • Motor control (needs to be optimal for normal gait cycle)
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4
Q

Characteristics of Human Gait

A 
Spatial: 
- Stride length 
- Step length
- Stride width
- Angle of progression 
Temporal (time, quantitative):
- Speed
- Cadence
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5
Q

Stride Length

A

Distance (cm) between the initial contact (heal) of the same foot: right foot - right foot (2 steps).

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6
Q

Step Length

A

Distance (cm) between the initial contact (heal) of the left and right foot.

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7
Q

Stride Width

A

Width between the midpoints of the left and right foot.

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8
Q

Angle of Progression

A

How much the foot is out of alignment with the sagittal plane.
Shows rotation of the hip.
Usually a slight external rotation (calcaneus closer together)

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9
Q

Speed

A

Average 4.5 km/h approximately.

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10
Q

Cadence

A

Frequency: how many steps per minute.

60 - 120 steps/minute

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11
Q

Requirements for Normal Gait

A

Body in upright position, body weight equally supported by lower limbs
Symmetric weight transfer; erect bipedal stance
Center of mass projection within the base of support.
Constant sensorial information: visual, proprioceptive (gives constant info on joint position and muscle tendon length, to plan and correct movement).

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12
Q

Gait Cycle

A

Time from the point when one foot touches the ground to the time it touches the ground again.
Two phases (at average walking speed):
- Stance phase: contact with the ground - 60%
- Swing phase: Foot is in the air - 40%
Speed of gait can change the proportion.
Increase (running): swing phase longer, stance shorter.

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13
Q

Phases of the Gait Cycle

A 
Stance:
- Initial contact 
- Loading response
- Mid stance 
- Terminal stance
- Pre-swing
Swing:
- Initial swing
- Mid swing
- Terminal swing
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14
Q

Limb Progression

A 
Takes place in swing phase.
Need to complete the body weight transfer.
- Stability during stance phase 
- Opposite plantar flexors
- Hip extensors
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15
Q

Stability During Stance Phase

A
  • Motor control (gluteus medius: stable pelvis, Soleus: ankle and entire lower limb stable).
  • Proper plantar function/structure: base of foot, arch (defined by head of metatarsal) allows adaptation to any obstacle.
  • Proper strength levels
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16
Q

Foot Rockers

A

3 movements/actions involving foot articulations in the stance phase: fundamental for progression in the stance phase.

  • First rocker
  • Second rocker
  • Third rocker
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17
Q

First Rocker

A

Ankle plantar flexion.

Dorsiflexors working eccentrically, OKC - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus.

18
Q

Second Rocker

A

Tibial motion over the foot - ankle dorsiflexion.
Midstance CKC, foot fixed to the ground, longest phase.
Plantar flexors working eccentrically.
Distal extremity flexed.

19
Q

Third Rocker

A 
Forefoot rocker during heel-off.
Transfer of body weight. 
Extension of the metatarsophalangeal joint.
CKC.
Distal extremity flexed.
20
Q

Foot Clearance

A

Happens in early moments of swing phase: Hip, knee, ankle articulations of the lower limb flex.
Involuntary motion. Defense mechanism: maintains distance between foot and walking surface.
- Dorsiflexors: primary. Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus: work concentrically to bring foot up, then isometrically to keep foot in dorsiflexion.
- Hip flexors.
- Knee flexion control, from toe-off.

21
Q

Heal strike in Initial Contact

A

Phase 1: calcaneus in contact with the ground.
Knee has to be fully extended.
Proper shock absorption (ground reaction forces).
- Dorsiflexors work isometrically to maintain the position.
- Knee extensors/flexors coordination.

22
Q

Joint Kinematics - Initial Contact (Heal Stance)

A

Double support
Hip flexed (20°-30°)
Knee close to full extension (0°-5°)
Ankle in neutral position (0°)

23
Q

Joint Kinematics - Loading Response (Flat foot)

A

Last moment of double support
Hip remains flexed
Knee flexion with the purpose of load absorption (eccentric) (Knee flexes to respond to load: reaction of weight transfer)
Ankle plantarflexion, allowing for full foot
contact - First ankle rocker

24
Q

Joint Kinematics - Midstance

A

Single support
Momentum acquired by the opposite limb propulsion
Hip extension
Knee resumes extension
Ankle dorsiflexion - Second ankle rocker (moves the least)
Contralateral foot in swing phase.

25
Q

Importance of Hip Abductors and triceps surae during single leg stance (midstance)

A 
Hip abductors (gluteus medius) provide pelvic stability, preventing contralateral pelvic tilt. 
Gastrocnemius control knee position: in full extension, due to it's proximal attachment, pushes femoral condyle posteriorly. Controls ankle dorsiflexion.
26
Q

Joint Kinematics - Terminal Stance (Heel off)

A

Third rocker
Hip in extension (20°) - eccentric, adductor longus, gives transverse stability to pelvis.
Knee kept close to full extension
Heel rise
Beginning of weight transfer to opposite limb
Gastrocnemius limits dorsiflexion and stabilizes knee.

27
Q

Joint Kinematics - Pre swing (toe off)

A

Hip and knee start to flex (eccentric rectus femoris, controls flexion)(concentric soleus for heel rise)
Maximal plantar flexion, with toe-off propulsion
End of stance phase*
Weight transferred: Leg is weight free
Contralateral leg: Loading response

28
Q

Joint Kinematics - Initial Swing (Acceleration)

A

Hip, knee, and ankle flexion, concentric.
Sartorius: flexes knee and hip(synergist)
Foot clearance mechanisms

29
Q

Joint Kinematics - Mid Swing

A 
Hip flexion (concentric)
Start of knee extension (eccentric by hamstrings)
Foot in neutral position (dorsiflexors isometric, plantarflexors eccentric)
30
Q

Joint Kinematics - Terminal Swing (Decleration)

A

Preparation for new Heel-strike (especially knee in proper position: extension)
Hip flexion motion decelerates (hamstrings)
Knee almost fully extended (co-contraction: hamstrings and quadriceps)
Ankle stabilized in neutral position

31
Q

Inverted Pendulum

A

A pendulum that has its center of mass above its pivot point. It is unstable and without additional help will fall over.

32
Q

Plantar Loading Progression During Stance Phase

A

Posterior to anterior

  1. Initial contact (heel strike)
  2. Loading response (foot flat) (stability by plantar fascia)
  3. Midstance
  4. Terminal stance (heel-off) highest pressure (entire body mass) on head of metatarsals
  5. Pre-swing (toe-off) pressure on hallux but less because load is transferred to other foot.
33
Q

Propulsion

A

The action of driving or pushing forwards.

34
Q

Importance of bi-articular muscles

A
  • Biceps femoris (hamstrings): initial stance, elongate proximally and shorten distally. Hip flexion and knee extension in final deceleration.
  • Rectus femoris: initial stance, shorten at hip (flexion). Pre-swing, eccentric control of knee/hip flexion.
  • Sartorius: Initial swing, knee/hip flexion concentric
  • Gastroc: Proximal - static, help keep knee extended. Distal - elongate, dorsiflexion eccentrically.
35
Q

Which phases have double support?

A

Initial contact
Loading response
Pre-swing

36
Q

What is the main characteristic of the terminal stance phase of the gait cycle?

A

Moment of weight transfer from one leg to the other.

37
Q

Who is responsible for the hip motion, in the sagittal plane, during Midstance phase?

A

No muscle activity at this point! Momentum acquired during loading response is responsible.
Body weight accepted + contraction of gluteus maximus in the start of the gait cycle.

38
Q

Describe the center of motion and the phase of gait cycle that corresponds to the first foot rocker.

A

Ankle/tibiotalar articulation.

Loading response.

39
Q

When one limb is in initial contact phase, which phase is the other limb in?

A

Terminal stance. In pre-swing the body weight is already on the other leg.

40
Q

Give an example of a muscle that is simultaneously shortening and stretching and identify the phase.

A

Rectus femoris.
Initial swing.
Flexing both knee and hip.
Proximal head shortening (concentric hip flexion)
Distal head lengthening (eccentric knee flexion)

Human Movement Science - BPT07 (23 decks)

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