Gait analysis

Question 1

Gait analysis definition

Answer 1

The manner of locomotion
Most often associated with walking and running
May include description of style, pace and pattern
Not just for humans

Question 2

Types of gait analysis

Answer 2

Kinematics- video anaylsis, accelerometers, electrogoniometers
Electromyography 
Computer modelling 
Kinetics
GRF 
Pressure

Question 3

Walking gait

Answer 3

A method of locomotion involving the use of 2 legs alternately to provide both support and propulsion, with at least one foot being in contact with the ground at all times
Single and double support phase

Question 4

Gait cycle

Answer 4

From ground contact of one foot to ground contact of the same foot in the next step (first double support + single limb stance + second double support)

Question 5

Step length

Answer 5

Distance from heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the other food

Question 6

Stride length

Answer 6

Distance from heel contact of one foot to heel contact of the same foot

Question 7

Walking base

Answer 7

Side to side distance between line of 2 feet

Question 8

Toe out/in

Answer 8

Angle between direction of progression and midline of foot

Question 9

Cadence

Answer 9

Number of steps.min

Question 10

Stride rate

Answer 10

Number of strides/min (cadence)

Question 11

Velocity

Answer 11

Distance covered by whole body in particular direction in given time

Question 12

Velocity equations

Answer 12

V= (stride length x stride rate) / 60 
V= stride length x cadence/ 120

Question 13

Infants and children natural cadence

Answer 13

Rapid decrease from 223 at age 1 to 156 at age 12

Question 14

Running definition

Answer 14

Same as walking but with no double support phase
Instead there is a flight phase between single support phases
(Both feet don’t touch the ground at the same time)

Question 15

Lateral displacement of the CM

Answer 15

When standing on one leg, body shifts laterally over support foot so that the CM remains within the base of support and balance in maintained
To minimise lateral sway, the lateral distance between footsteps (base of gain) is minimised
Narrow gait is partially achieved anatomically by the inwards angle of the femur from hip to knee

Question 16

Pronation

Answer 16

A combination of dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction, allowing foot to adapt to surface and absorb shock

Question 17

Supination

Answer 17

Plantar flexion, inversion and adduction

Stabilises foot during push off

Question 18

Over pronation

Answer 18

Link to stress fractures, medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain, achilles tendon injuries, low back pain

Question 19

Over suspension

Answer 19

Link to problems with cliotibial tract, lateral knee problems and lower back problems

Question 20

Shoe design

Answer 20

VStiff heel counter- help rear foot motion
Sole thickness- influences shock absorption
Orthotics used to control motion, improve proprioception, realign body poison

Question 21

Vertical ground reaction force

Answer 21

Increases the magnitude until approximately mid stance, the point of max

Question 22

Impulsive load

Answer 22

Application of the vertical GRF

Question 23

What was the issue with women’s heels?

Answer 23

Increases external knee varies torque and prolonged the external knee flexion
Increase in external knee torque- greater compressive force

Question 24

What should be the goal of new footwear?

Answer 24

Reducing joint torque whilst providing meaningful footwear functions

Question 25

Motion of the ankle

Answer 25

Allow the leg to rotate over the food

Question 26

Difference between walking and running

Answer 26

No double support phase

Instead there is a flight phase between single support phase