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Musculoskeletal Section > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Standard terminology

A 
Stance phase:
Heel strike
Foot flat
Midstance 
Heel off 
Toe off

Swing Phase:
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration

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2
Q

Rancho Los Amigos Terminology

A 
Stance Phase:
Initial contact
Loading Response
Midstance 
Terminal Stance
Pre-swing

Swing Phase:
Initial swing
Midswing
Terminal Swing

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3
Q

What percentage is stance phase of the gait cycle?

A

60%

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4
Q

What percentage is the swing phase of the gait cycle?

A

40% of the gait cycle

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5
Q

Explain heel strike

A

Instance the heel touches the ground begins stance phase

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6
Q

Explain foot flat

A
  • Point in which the entire foot makes contact with the ground
  • should occur directly after heel strike
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7
Q

Explain Midstance

A

-point during the stance phase when the entire body weight is directly over stance limb

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8
Q

Explain heel off

A

Point the heel of the stance limb leaves the ground

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9
Q

Explain toe off

A

Point in which only the toe of the stance limb remains on the ground

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10
Q

Explain acceleration

A
  • Begins when toe off is complete

- reference lim swings until positioned directly under the body

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11
Q

Explain midswing (standard definition)

A

Swing limb is directly under the body

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12
Q

Explain deceleration

A

Begins directly after midswing, as the swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike

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13
Q

Explain Initial contact

A
  • Beginning of the stance phase

- occurs when the foot touches the ground

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14
Q

Explain Loading response

A

Corresponds to the amount of time b/t initial contact and the bringing of the swing phase for the other leg

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15
Q

Explain midstance

A

Corresponds to the point in stance phase when the other foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb

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16
Q

Explain terminal stance

A

Begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground

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17
Q

Explain pre-swing

A

Begins when the other foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off

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18
Q

Explain Initial swing

A

Begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with maximal knee flexion during swing

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19
Q

Explain Midswing

A

Begins with maximal knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground

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20
Q

Explain Terminal swing

A

Begins when the tibia is perpendicular ot the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground

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21
Q

Position of the Pelvis during initial swing

A

Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees

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22
Q

Position of the hip during initial swing?

A

Flexion 20 degrees

Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction

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23
Q

Position of the knee during initial swing?

A

Flexion 60 degrees

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24
Q

Position of the ankle during initial swing?

A

Plantar flexion 10 degrees

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25
Q

Position of the pelvis during midswing?

A

Level: Neutral rotation

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26
Q

Position of the hip during midswing?

A

Flexion 20-30 degrees

Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction

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27
Q

Position of the knee during midswing?

A

From 60 degrees to 30 degrees Flexion

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28
Q

Position of the ankle during midswing?

A

Neutral

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29
Q

Position of the pelvis during terminal swing?

A

Level: forward rotation 4-5 degrees

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30
Q

Position of the hip during Terminal Swing?

A

Flexion 30 Degrees

Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction

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31
Q

Position of the knee during terminal swing?

A

Extension to 0 degrees

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32
Q

Position of the ankle during terminal swing?

A

Neutral

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33
Q

Position of the pelvis during initial contact?

A

Maintains forward Rotation

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34
Q

Position of the Hip at Initial contact?

A

Flexion 30 degrees

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35
Q

Position of the knee during initial contact?

A

Full Extension

36
Q

Position of the Ankle at Initial Contact?

A

Neutral; Heel First

37
Q

Position of the Pelvis during Loading Response ?

A

Level: Less Forward Rotation

38
Q

Position of the Hip during Loading Response?

A

Flexion 30 degrees

Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction

39
Q

Position of the knee during Loading Response?

A

Flexion 15 degrees

40
Q

Position of the ankle during loading response?

A

Plantar Flexion 15 Degrees

41
Q

Position of the pelvis during midstance?

A

Level: Neutral Rotation

42
Q

Position of the hip during midstance?

A

Extending to neutral

Neutral: Rotation, abduction, adduction

43
Q

Position of the knee during midstance?

A

Extending to Neutral

44
Q

Position of the ankle during midstance?

A

From PF to 10 degrees DF

45
Q

Position of the pelvis during Terminal Stance?

A

Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees

46
Q

Position of the hip during terminal stance?

A

Apparent Hyperextension 10 degrees

Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction

47
Q

Position of the knee during terminal stance?

A

Full extension

48
Q

Position of the ankle during terminal stance?

A

Neutral with tibia stable and heel off prior to Initial contact Opposite foot

49
Q

Position of the toe during terminal stance?

A

Neutral IP

Extended MP

50
Q

Position of the pelvis during pre-swing?

A

Level: Backward rotation 4-5 degrees

51
Q

Position of the hip during pre-swing?

A

Neutral extension

Neutral: Rotation, Abduction, Adduction

52
Q

Position of the knee during pre-swing?

A

Flexion 35 degrees

53
Q

Position of the Ankle during pre-swing?

A

Plantar Flexion 20 degrees

54
Q

Position of the toe during pre-swing?

A

Neutral IP

Extended MP

55
Q

Between what phases of gait does double limb support occur?

A

B/t Initial contact and Left Preswing

10% of the gait cycle

56
Q

How many double support’s occur during the gait cycle?

A

2

20% of the gait cycle together

57
Q

How much ROM is required for hip flexion for normal gait?

A

0-30 degrees hip flexion

58
Q

How much ROM is required for hip extension for normal gait?

A

0-10 degrees

59
Q

How much ROM is required for knee flexion for normal gait?

A

0-60 degrees

60
Q

How much ROM is required for knee extension for normal gait?

A

0 degrees

61
Q

How much ROM is required for ankle dorsiflexion for normal gait?

A

0-10 degrees ankle Dorsiflexion

62
Q

How much ROM is required for ankle plantar flexion for normal gait?

A

0-20 degrees of PF

63
Q

What muscles are activated during initial contact?

A
  1. Ankle DF’s: place ankle in DF during heel strike and prepare to lower the foot towards the ground
  2. Quadriceps: place knee in extension
  3. Hamstrings: stabilize the knee and prevent hyperextension
  4. Hip extensors/abductors: stabilize the trunk and pelvis over the leg
64
Q

What muscles are activated during loading Response??

A
  1. Ankle DF’s: ECCENTRICALLY control the lowering of the foot towards the ground
  2. Quadriceps: ECCENTRICALLY control knee flexion as the limb accepts BW. (Latter portion of phase): CONCENTRICALLY draw the femur forward over the tibia
  3. PF’s: (latter portion of phase) ECCENTRICALLY Controlled DF as the tibia advances over the foot
  4. Hip Extensors: Contract CONCENTRICALLY to produce hip extension
65
Q

What muscles are activated during midstance?

A
  1. PF’s: ECCENTRICALLY control DF’s as the body moves over stance limb
  2. Quadriceps: CONCENTRICALLY continue producing closed chain knee extension (but minimal knee activity during this phase)
  3. Hip Abductors: Stabilize the pelvis + prevent CONTRALATERAL hip drop
  4. Iliopsoas: begins to contract ECCENTRICALLY to control hip extension
66
Q

What muscles are activated during Terminal Stance?

A
  1. PF’s: Begin to work CONCENTRICALLY to aid the foot in its propulsion of the body forward
  2. Hip abductions stabilize pelvis
  3. Iliopsoas: contract ECCENTRICALLY to control hip extension

(*knee musculature remains limited)

67
Q

What muscles are activated during pre-swing?

A
  1. PF’s: Peak activity as foot “toes off” from ground
  2. Hamstring: begin to produce knee flexion to prepare for swing phase; though the momentum of body also aids in this motion
  3. Iliopsoas: begins to work CONCENTRICALLY to produce hip flexion, along w/ other hip flexors (Rectus femoris, Sartorius, adductor longus)
68
Q

What muscles are activated during Initial swing?

A

Ankle DF’s: contract CONCENTRICALLY to clear the foot form the ground

Hamstrings: ASISs with foot clearance by flexing the knee

Hip flexors: continue to produce hip flexion to advance the limb forward

69
Q

What muscles are activated during midswing?

A

Ankle DF’s: continue to contract CONCENTRICALLY to maintain DF

**Knee + hip muscles are minimal since forward momentum allows for the advancement of the limb

70
Q

What muscles are activated during Terminal Swing?

A
  1. Ankle DF’s: continue to contract CONCENTRICALLY to maintain DF
  2. Ankle Invertors: contract CONCENTRICALLY to prepare the foot for initial contact
  3. Quadriceps: contract CONCENTRICALLY to place the knee in extension for initial contact
  4. Hamstrings: ECCENTRICALLY control the rate of knee extension
  5. Hip extensors: ECCENTRICALLY slow the rate of hip flexion + prepare limb for initial contact
71
Q

Define Base of Support.

A

Distance measured b/t Left + Right foot during progression of gait

Distance DECREASES as cadence INCREASES

72
Q

What is the average base of support for an adult

A

2-4 inches

73
Q

Define Cadence.

A

Number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time

74
Q

What is the average cadence for an adult?

A

110-120 steps/minute

75
Q

What is meant by Degree of toe-out.

A

Angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and 2nd toe

76
Q

What is the average amount of toe-out for an adult?

A

7 degrees

77
Q

What is meant by double support phase?

A

The two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground.

The time of double support INCREASES as the speed of gait DECREASES

78
Q

True or False: Double Support Phase is also a phase of running

A

False

79
Q

Define the Gait Cycle.

A

Sequence of Milton’s that occur from Initial contact of the heel to the the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel

80
Q

Define Pelvic rotation

A

rotation of the pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance + regulate speed.

81
Q

What is the average pelvic rotation for an adult?

A

A total of 8 degrees (4 degrees forward with the swing leg + 4 degrees backward with the stance leg)

82
Q

Define Single support phase.

A

Occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs 2x during a single gait cycle

83
Q

Define step length.

A

The distance measured b/t the R heel strike + L heel strick.

84
Q

What is the average step length for an adult?

A

28 inches

85
Q

Define Stride Length.

A

The distance measured b/t R heel strike and the following R heel strike

86
Q

What is the average stride length of an adult?

A

56 inches

87
Q

What muscles are tonically active at low levels during Normal alignment in stance

A

(1) tibialis anterior
(2) Gastroc-soleus complex
(3) TFL
(4) gluteus medius
(5) iliopsoas
(6) abdominals
(7) Erector spinae

Musculoskeletal Section (24 decks)

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