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Colin Neuro > GA - Cervical Endocrine, Pulmonology, and Gastroenterology > Flashcards

GA - Cervical Endocrine, Pulmonology, and Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Right Lobe of the Thyroid Gland

Left Lobe of the thyroid Gland

Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland

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2
Q

What call the individual parathyroid glands?

A

Right Superior Parathyroid Gland

Left Superior Parathyroid Gland

Right inferior parathyroid Gland

Left Inferior Parathyroid Gland

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3
Q

Which Cervical Triangle contains the Thyroid/Parathyroid Glands?

A

The Muscular Triangle

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4
Q

What is the Thyroglossal Duct?

A

A duct connecting the tongue to the Thyroid gland

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5
Q

What is an Aberrant Thyroid Gland?

A

Aberrant Thyroid Gland can occur if aberrant thyroid tissue manages to grow at any point along the Thryoglossal Duct

If the tissue grows large enough it can affect speech, swallowing or breathing, at which point you have to take it out

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6
Q

What is the Pyramidal Lobe of the Thyroid Gland?

A

Abnormal growth of the thyroid gland superior to the isthmus

Sits anterior to the Thyroid Cartilage

Can be sometimes be connected to Hyoid bone via a band of connective tissue

Provides complications if the trachea or pharynx need to be cut open. Glandular tissue is highly vascularized, and thus can be a source of bleeding if cut into.

Pyramidal Lobe can also occur if no Isthmus develops (two separate lobes of thyroid gland tissue, one of which has a pyramidal lobe)

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7
Q

What is the Thyroid Ima Artery?

A

A small unpaired artery that ascends the anterior surface of the trachea and continues to the thyroid isthmus

10% of people have a Thyroid Ima Artery and it has several possible sources:

  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • Aortic Arch
  • Right Common Carotid
  • Subclavian
  • Internal Thoracic Arteries

The presence of the Thyroid Ima Artery must be considered before tracheotomy, as it can be a source of bleeding

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8
Q

What are some structures that you need to be aware of when performing a Thyroidectomy?

A

Left and Right Recurrent larygneal Ns.

Inferior Thryoid A.

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9
Q

What is the difference between Pharynx and Larynx?

A

Pharynx is your throat, where both food, liquid, and air travel through.

The Larynx is the portion of the throat just superior to the trachea where vocal chords and other such structures are located

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10
Q

What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Nasal Cavity?

A

Choana

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11
Q

What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Oral Cavity?

A

Fauces

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12
Q

What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Larynx?

A

Laryngeal Inlet

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13
Q

What is the Pharyngotympanic Tube?

A

Tube of tissue that connects the Nasopharynx to the Middle Ear

It allows the opportunity to equalize air pressure across the tympanic membrane

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14
Q

What is the Salpingpharyngeus M.?

A

Allows equalizing of the pressure across the Tympanic Membrane by expanding the opening of the Pharyngotympanic Tube

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15
Q

What is the Torus Tubarius?

A

Torus Tubarius is the MUCOSAL LAYER OF TISSUE that overlays the cartilagenous tissue which keeps the opening of the Pharngotympanic tube open

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16
Q

What is the punching bag in the back of through, and what tissue structure is it an extension of?

A

Uvula

It is an extension of the Soft Palate

17
Q

What is Salpingopharyngeal Fold?

A

A fold of Mucosal Tissue in the Pharynx

Just beneath the Salpingopharyngeal Fold is the Salpingopharyngeus M.

18
Q

What is the Aryepiglotic Fold?

A

A fold of Mucosal tissue in the Larynx

Just beneath the Aryepiglottic Fold is the Aryepiglottic M. (muscle connecting the Arytenoid Cartilage and the Epiglottis)

19
Q

The Larynx is divided into three portions. What are those portions and what structures divide them?

A

Laryngeal Vestibule

Laryngeal Ventricle

Infraglottic Cavity

Between the Laryngeal Vestibule and the laryngeal Ventricle is the Vestibular Fold

Between the Laryngeal Ventricle and the Infraglottic Cavity is the Vocal Fold

20
Q

What are the two components that make up the Glottis?

A

The Glottis is composed of:

  • The Vocal Folds
  • Rima Glottidis (space between the vocal folds)
21
Q

What is a Cricothyrotomy?

A

Emergent procedure for generating an airway

A needle is inserted between the Thryoid and Cricoid Cartilages to generate an airway if there is an occlusion of the airway superior to this point.

Potential Complications include:

  • Thyroid Ima Artery (source of bleeding if cut during procedure)
  • Pyramidal Lobe of the Thyroid Gland (Extension of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland) - source of bleeding if cut during procedure
22
Q

What is a Tracheostomy?

A

Less emergent procedure to generate an airway

Medial incision is made over the thyroid gland

Isthmus of the Thyroid gland is sectioned through, exposing the section of Trachea beneath

An incision is made into the trachea, and a tube is placed into it.

Balloon may be inflated to prevent air escaping up through the larynx

23
Q

What happens to the larynx with age?

A

Larynx in boys enlarge during puberty resulting in the vocal folds to grow longer, making voice deeper

In both males and females, with age comes ossification of the cartilages. Calcium deposits onto it, causing it to stiffen. Voice sounds weak and breathy

24
Q

What happens when a patient develops Laryngeal Cancer?

A

Tumor gets removed, typically resulting in vocal folds being removed.

Pt loses ability to speak

  • Electrolarynx can be used (vibrates to allow speech formation)
  • Esophageal Speech (burping your words out)
25
Q

What is the Portion of the Pharynx that leads to the esophagus?

A

Laryngopharynx

26
Q

What is the Palatopharyngeal Arch?

A

One of two tissue Archways in the Oral Cavity just anterior to the Uvula

Palatopharyngeal Arch is the more posterior of the two arches (anterior arch is Palatoglossal Arch)

It is composed of Mucosal Tissue

Just beneath the Palatopharyngeal Arch is the Palatopharyngeus M.

27
Q

What is the Isthmus of the Fauces?

A

Fauces is the opening between the Oral Cavity and the Pharynx.

Isthmus is the narrowest part of this opening

28
Q

What is a Branchial Fistula?

A

Failure of Pharyngeal arches to close off, results in the development of a fistula

Fistula is an open ended tube. In this instance, the tube allows saliva and other contents of the Pharynx to leak out of the neck through this tube (which is open on the inside near the Palatine Tonsils)

29
Q

What is a Branchial Sinus?

A

Pharyngeal arches fail to close properly, resulting in a blind ended tube in the neck that is open externally.

30
Q

What is a Branchial Cyst?

A

Pharyngeal arches fail to close properly, forming a bubble of fluid in the neck that is not open internally or externally

If this cycsts grow too large, they can compress on some important nerves including:

  • Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Hypoglossal N. (CN XII)
  • Spinal Accessory N. (CN XI)
31
Q

What is a Tracheoesophageal Fistula?

A

Congenital issue where separation and development of the esophagus and trachea.

Can show in several different forms where esophagus and trachea are connected

32
Q

What is Deglutination?

A

Swallowing

33
Q

What is Stage 0 of Deglutination?

A

Food is chewed into a bolus

34
Q

What is stage 1 of Deglutination?

A

Bolus is pushed to back of mouth by pushing the tongue against the palate

THIS STEP IS VOLUNTARY

35
Q

What is stage 2 of Deglutination?

A

Soft palate is elevated, sealing off the Nasopharynx from the Oropharynx

Pharynx shortens and widens when the Suprahyoid and Longitudinal Pharyngeal Muscles elevate the Larynx

THIS STEP IS RAPID AND INVOLUNTARY

36
Q

What is stage 3 of Deglutination?

A

Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles contract sequentially, creating a “peristaltic ridge” forcing bolus inferiorly

Epiglottis deflects nachos but does not completely seal off larynx

Colin Neuro (15 decks)

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