GA - Cervical Endocrine, Pulmonology, and Gastroenterology Flashcards
What are the parts of the Thyroid Gland?
Right Lobe of the Thyroid Gland
Left Lobe of the thyroid Gland
Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland
What call the individual parathyroid glands?
Right Superior Parathyroid Gland
Left Superior Parathyroid Gland
Right inferior parathyroid Gland
Left Inferior Parathyroid Gland
Which Cervical Triangle contains the Thyroid/Parathyroid Glands?
The Muscular Triangle
What is the Thyroglossal Duct?
A duct connecting the tongue to the Thyroid gland
What is an Aberrant Thyroid Gland?
Aberrant Thyroid Gland can occur if aberrant thyroid tissue manages to grow at any point along the Thryoglossal Duct
If the tissue grows large enough it can affect speech, swallowing or breathing, at which point you have to take it out
What is the Pyramidal Lobe of the Thyroid Gland?
Abnormal growth of the thyroid gland superior to the isthmus
Sits anterior to the Thyroid Cartilage
Can be sometimes be connected to Hyoid bone via a band of connective tissue
Provides complications if the trachea or pharynx need to be cut open. Glandular tissue is highly vascularized, and thus can be a source of bleeding if cut into.
Pyramidal Lobe can also occur if no Isthmus develops (two separate lobes of thyroid gland tissue, one of which has a pyramidal lobe)
What is the Thyroid Ima Artery?
A small unpaired artery that ascends the anterior surface of the trachea and continues to the thyroid isthmus
10% of people have a Thyroid Ima Artery and it has several possible sources:
- Brachiocephalic Trunk
- Aortic Arch
- Right Common Carotid
- Subclavian
- Internal Thoracic Arteries
The presence of the Thyroid Ima Artery must be considered before tracheotomy, as it can be a source of bleeding
What are some structures that you need to be aware of when performing a Thyroidectomy?
Left and Right Recurrent larygneal Ns.
Inferior Thryoid A.
What is the difference between Pharynx and Larynx?
Pharynx is your throat, where both food, liquid, and air travel through.
The Larynx is the portion of the throat just superior to the trachea where vocal chords and other such structures are located
What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Nasal Cavity?
Choana
What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Oral Cavity?
Fauces
What is the opening between the Pharynx and the Larynx?
Laryngeal Inlet
What is the Pharyngotympanic Tube?
Tube of tissue that connects the Nasopharynx to the Middle Ear
It allows the opportunity to equalize air pressure across the tympanic membrane
What is the Salpingpharyngeus M.?
Allows equalizing of the pressure across the Tympanic Membrane by expanding the opening of the Pharyngotympanic Tube
What is the Torus Tubarius?
Torus Tubarius is the MUCOSAL LAYER OF TISSUE that overlays the cartilagenous tissue which keeps the opening of the Pharngotympanic tube open
What is the punching bag in the back of through, and what tissue structure is it an extension of?
Uvula
It is an extension of the Soft Palate
What is Salpingopharyngeal Fold?
A fold of Mucosal Tissue in the Pharynx
Just beneath the Salpingopharyngeal Fold is the Salpingopharyngeus M.
What is the Aryepiglotic Fold?
A fold of Mucosal tissue in the Larynx
Just beneath the Aryepiglottic Fold is the Aryepiglottic M. (muscle connecting the Arytenoid Cartilage and the Epiglottis)
The Larynx is divided into three portions. What are those portions and what structures divide them?
Laryngeal Vestibule
Laryngeal Ventricle
Infraglottic Cavity
Between the Laryngeal Vestibule and the laryngeal Ventricle is the Vestibular Fold
Between the Laryngeal Ventricle and the Infraglottic Cavity is the Vocal Fold
What are the two components that make up the Glottis?
The Glottis is composed of:
- The Vocal Folds
- Rima Glottidis (space between the vocal folds)
What is a Cricothyrotomy?
Emergent procedure for generating an airway
A needle is inserted between the Thryoid and Cricoid Cartilages to generate an airway if there is an occlusion of the airway superior to this point.
Potential Complications include:
- Thyroid Ima Artery (source of bleeding if cut during procedure)
- Pyramidal Lobe of the Thyroid Gland (Extension of the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland) - source of bleeding if cut during procedure
What is a Tracheostomy?
Less emergent procedure to generate an airway
Medial incision is made over the thyroid gland
Isthmus of the Thyroid gland is sectioned through, exposing the section of Trachea beneath
An incision is made into the trachea, and a tube is placed into it.
Balloon may be inflated to prevent air escaping up through the larynx
What happens to the larynx with age?
Larynx in boys enlarge during puberty resulting in the vocal folds to grow longer, making voice deeper
In both males and females, with age comes ossification of the cartilages. Calcium deposits onto it, causing it to stiffen. Voice sounds weak and breathy
What happens when a patient develops Laryngeal Cancer?
Tumor gets removed, typically resulting in vocal folds being removed.
Pt loses ability to speak
- Electrolarynx can be used (vibrates to allow speech formation)
- Esophageal Speech (burping your words out)
