G4: Problem solving and creativity Flashcards
- to narrow down the multiple possibilities to converge on a single best answer
CONVERGENT
breaking down the whole of a complex problem into manageable elements
ANALYSIS
putting together various elements to arrange them into something useful.
SYNTHESIS
- you try to generate a diverse assortment of possible alternative solutions to a problem
DIVERGENT
are problems that are defined completely and resolved with certainty; they have single correct answers that are ultimately available.
Well-Structured Problem
is the universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solving a problem
Problem Space
are sequences of operations in a problem space) that may be repeated over and over again
Algorithms
informal, intuitive, speculative strategies that sometimes lead to an effective solution and sometimes do not
Heuristics
There are no clear, readily available paths to solution. this has no clear or immediately obvious solution. There can be multiple ways of approaching the problem or even recognizing it.
Ill-Structured Problem
is a distinctive and sometimes seemingly sudden understanding of a problem or of a strategy that aids in solving the problem.
Insight
______ HELD THAT INSIGHT PROBLEMS
REQUIRE PROBLEM SOLVERS TO PERCEIVE THE PROBLEM AS A WHOLE.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS
WROTE ABOUT PRODUCTIVE THINKING, WHICH INVOLVES INSIGHTS THAT GO BEYOND THE BOUNDS OF EXISTING ASSOCIATIONS.
MAX WERTHEIMER
SOME RESEARCHERS HAVE FOUND THAT INSIGHTFUL PROBLEM SOLVING CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM NON-INSIGHTFUL PROBLEM SOLVING IN TWO wAYS
NEO - GESTALTIST VIEW
WHEN GIVEN ROUTINE PROBLEMS TO SOLVE, PROBLEM SOLVERS SHOW REMARKABLE ACCURACY IN THEIR ABILITY TO PREDICT THEIR OWN SUCCESS
METCALFE, 1986; METCALFE & WIEBE,
1987
ACCORDING TO _____ and _____, THE PERSON HAS TO SEARCH IS TO USE A STRATEGY CALLED MEANS END ANALYSIS and SUBGOALS
NEWELL AND SIMON
- THE PRIMARY GOAL OF MEANS END ANALYSIS IS TO REDUCE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INITIAL AND THE GOAL STATES.
MEANS END ANALYSIS
- INTERMIDIATE STATES THAT ARE CLOSER TO THE GOAL
SUBGOALS
- THE SOLUTION TO A SIMILAR PROBLEM TO GUIDE A SOLUTION OF A NEW PROBLEM
ANALOGICAL PROBLEM SOLVING
• SOLVING ONE PROBLEM TO SOLVING ANOTHER PROBLEM; SIMILAR PROBLEM
ANALOGICAL TRANSFER
- THE PARTICIPANT IS TRYING TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM.
TARGET PROBLEM
- ANOTHER PROBLEM THAT SHARES SOME SIMILARITIES WITH THE TARGET
PROBLEM AND ILLUSTRATES A WAY TO SOLVE THE TARGET PROBLEM.
SOURCE PROBLEM
- ANALOGOUS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOURCE PROBLEM AND TARGET PROBLEM
NOTICING
- CORRESPONDS BETWEEN SOURCE PROBLEM AND TARGET PROBLEM.
MAPPING
- GENERATE A PARALLEL SOLUTION TO THE TARGET PROBLEM.
APPLYING
- THE PROCESS BY WHICH TWO PROBLEMS ARE COMPARED AND SIMILARITIES BET LEEN THEM ARE DETERMINED.
ANALOGICAL ENCODING
- NEGOTIATING STRATEGY IN WHICH ONE ANOTHER PERSON SAYS TO ANOTHER.
TRADE -OFF STRATEGY
NEGOTIATING STRATEGY IN WHICH A PERSON GETS WHAT HE/SHE WANTS IF SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENS.
CONTINGENCY STRATEGY
is a process in which the brain undergoes adaptive structural and functional Changes.
Brain Plasticity
it refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt its functions by forming new neural connections or altering existing ones.
FUNCTIONAL PLASTICITY
refers to the brain’s ability to physically change its structure by forming new neurons, synapses, or altering existing ones.
Structural plasticity
focuses on a student’s individual skill threshold, emphasizes interactive rehearsal for skill acquisition, aims for higher levels of sustained effort, and uses homework to advance clinical ability. Empirical research suggests that it can significantly improve the effectiveness and effieceincy of psychotherapy education and training.
deliberate practice
