G2: LANGUAGE PRODUCTION Flashcards
the process through which individuals generate and express language, whether orally or in writing. It encompasses planning what to say or write, translating thoughts into linguistic forms, and executing those forms. In cognitive psychology, studying language production provides insights into how the mind organizes and produces language, shedding light on cognitive processes like memory, attention, and problem-solving.
Language production
The cognitive processes involved in planning and organizing speech, including selecting words, forming grammatically correct sentences, and arranging speech sounds
Speech Planning
Common types of speech errors, such as slips of the tongue, phonological errors, and semantic errors, and their implications for understanding the mechanisms of language production.
Speech Errors
Major theoretical frameworks proposed to explain how language is produced, including Levelt’s model, the WEAVER++ model, and the Interactive Activation mode
Theories of Speech Production
The communicative functions of speech, including requesting, expressing emotions, giving instructions, sharing information, and socializing.
Speech as Communication
The cognitive processes involved in producing written language, including generating ideas, organizing thoughts, structuring sentences, and revising drafts.
Writing The Main Processes
The process of encoding spoken language into written symbols, including the rules and conventions of spelling, common spelling errors, and strategies for improving spelling proficiency.
Spelling
3 types of speech planning
Lexical Access, Syntactic Planning, Phonological Encoding
The process of retrieving words from memory. This involves accessing the mental lexicon, which contains the store of known words in a person’s mind.
Lexical Access
Organizing the retrieved words into grammatically correct sentences or phrases. This involves determining the appropriate word order, sentence structure, and grammatical rules.
Syntactic Planning
Converting the planned words and sentences into the appropriate phonological forms, which are the sounds of speech. This includes selecting the correct sounds for each word and arranging them in the proper sequence for fluent speech production.
Phonological Encoding
are unintended mistakes in speech production.
Speech errors
These occur when the speaker
inadvertently substitutes, deletes,
or rearranges sounds, words, or
phrases. For example, saying
“butterfly” instead of “bottle fly.”
Slips of the tongue
These occur when a word is substituted
with a similar-sounding word, often
resulting in a nonsensical or humorous
statement. For instance, saying
“pineapple of perfection” instead of
“pinnacle of perfection.”
Malapropisms
Speech errors can result from various causes, including:
Phonological errors, Syntactic errors, Semantic errors
Mistakes related to the sounds of speech, such as substituting one sound for another or transposing sounds within words.
Phonological errors
Errors related to the structure of sentences, such as word order or grammatical inflections.
Syntactic errors
Errors involving the meaning of words or phrases, such as using a similar-sounding word with a different meaning.
Semantic errors
Theories of Speech Production
Levelt’s Mode, The WEAVER++ Model, Interactive Activation Model
Emphasizes three main stages of speech production - conceptualization, formulation, and articulation.
Levelt’s Model
In this stage, the speaker generates the basic idea or message they want to convey. This involves activating relevant concepts and forming a coherent message.
Conceptualization
Once the message is conceptualized, it is translated into a linguistic form. This stage involves selecting appropriate words and grammatical structures to express the intended message.
Formulation
The final stage involves the physical production of speech. The formulated message is translated into motor commands to articulate speech sounds and produce spoken words.
Articulation
Suggests that speech production involves multiple levels of processing, including lexical, morphological, and phonological stages.
The WEAVER++ Model
involves accessing the mental lexicon to retrieve words and their associated meanings.
Lexical processing
involves analyzing word structure, including prefixes, suffixes, and roots.
Morphological processing
involves converting abstract linguistic representations into speech sounds.
Phonological processing
proposes that when producing speech,
different words compete for activation in the mind. This model suggests that
lexical representations (words) are interconnected, and activation spreads
through these connections.
Interactive Activation Model
Language production is closely linked to communication as it involves the generation and expression of thoughts, ideas, and information through spoken or written language
SPEECH AS COMMUNICATION
Language production enables individuals to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and intentions into meaningful messages that can be understood by others.
Expressing Ideas
Through language production, individuals can convey information, share knowledge, opinions, or experiences with others.
Sharing Information
Facilitates interpersonal interaction by allowing individuals to engage in conversations and discussions with others, fostering connections and relationships
Interpersonal Interaction
Contributes to successful communication by enabling clear expression, which aids in understanding and interpretation of messages by listeners or readers.
Understanding and Interpretation
Communication involves a reciprocal process where language production is followed by reception and interpretation of the message by the recipient.
Feedback and Adjustment
plays a crucial role in speech production because it focuses on how language is used in social contexts to convey meaning beyond the literal interpretation of words. In speech production, understanding _____ helps individuals choose appropriate words and structures to effectively communicate intentions, emotions, and
social nuances.
Pragmatics
Examples of how speech serves communicative functions:
Informative speech, Expressing Emotions
Sharing knowledge or information.
Informative speech
Sharing feelings or emotions with others, like saying “I’m so happy!” or “I’m feeling sad today.”
Expressing Emotions
In the context of language production, writing refers to the process of converting
thoughts, ideas, and messages into a written form. It involves a series of cognitive
processes that enable individuals to express themselves through text.
WRITING: THE MAIN PROCESSES
The initial stage where writers think about their topic, purpose, and audience. They may brainstorm ideas, create outlines, or gather research before beginning to write.
Planning
Writers start putting their ideas into written form. They focus on getting their thoughts
down on paper without worrying too much about grammar or structure.
Drafting
After completing a draft, writers review and make changes to improve clarity and
overall effectiveness. This may involve reorganizing ideas, adding or deleting content, or refining language.
Revising
Speech is produced orally using sounds and gestures, while writing is produced using written symbols and marks.
Medium
Speech production is generally faster than writing production because it involves immediate vocalization, whereas writing requires time to write or type words.
Speed
In speech production, immediate ______ is received through auditory cues and facial expressions, while in writing, ______ may be delayed until the written text is reviewed by the writer or others.
feedback
Writing allows for easier _______ compared to speech, where corrections are
typically made on the fly or through subsequent clarifications
Editing
Speech is often directed towards a specific ________ and can involve
nonverbal cues for emphasis, while writing may be intended for a broader audience
and relies solely on written language for communication.
Audience
is crucial in written language production because it ensures clarity, comprehension, and effective communication.
spelling
An examination of the cognitive demands of the act of spelling indicates that the speller needs to coordinate several sources of word knowledge:
phonological, orthographic, syntactic, and semantic
spelling process involves the mental and language-related steps needed to
write or show words accurately in writing. These processes work together to enable individuals to accurately spell words during
writing tasks.
Phoneme-grapheme correspondence, Orthographic knowledge, Morphological awareness, Visual memory, Contextual cues, Motor skills
Understanding the relationship
between the sounds of spoken language (phonemes) and the letters or letter
combinations used to represent those sounds (graphemes). For example,
knowing that the sound /k/ can be represented by the letter ‘c’ in words like
“cat” or the letters ‘ck’ in words like “back”.
Phoneme-grapheme correspondence
Familiarity with the conventional spelling patterns, rules, and exceptions in a language. This involves recognizing common spelling patterns and understanding irregularities in spelling.
Orthographic knowledge
Recognizing and understanding the morphemes (the smallest units of meaning) within words, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words. This understanding helps in spelling words correctly by applying
knowledge of word structure.
Morphological awareness
Remembering the visual appearance of words, including their letter sequences and any irregularities. Visual memory aids in recalling the correct spelling of words from memory
Visual memory
