Finals: G1 - Reading and Speech perception Flashcards
It involves perception, language, memory, thinking, and intelligence.
You have to recognize the letters, put them together to form words that have meaning, keep their meaning in memory until you have finished reading the sentence or even paragraph, and think about what message the writer tried to communicate to you.
READING
4 methods design to study reading
- Lexical decision task
- Naming task
- Priming task
- Monitoring brain activity
Deciding whether a string of letters forms a word.
Lexical decision task
saying a word out loud as rapidly as possible. It is not clear precisely what processes are reflected in these tasks.
An individual is required to name an object from its picture or its description or simply to produce names from a certain category (e.g., birds). These are used to assess language impairments and difficulties recalling general knowledge from semantic memory.
Naming task (
Prime word is present shortly before the target word. The prime is related to the target word (e.g. in spelling, meaning or sound).
Priming task
spelling
Orthography
sounds
Phonology
meaning
Semantics
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
Syntax
extensive cognitive processing
Higher-level discourse integration
• the ability to manipulate and analyze the sounds of language (called phonemes).
• a key skill in learning to read and write, as it allows us to break down words into their individual sounds and then blend those sounds back together to form new words.
Phonological Processing
• words that sound the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling.
• e.g “flower” and “flour”
• Van Orden (1987) found that participants made more errors on questions involving homophones, demonstrating that they engaged in phonological processing of words.
Homophones
Participants heard a sentence in which a small portion had been removed and replaced with a meaningless sound.
phonemic restoration effect
oral vs. nasal vs. fricative, involving a partial blockage of the airstream
Manner of production
the larynx vibrates for a voiced but not for a voiceless phoneme.
Voicing
• Spoken speech contains prosodic cues in the form of stress, intonation, and so on.
• This information can be used by the listener to work out the syntactic or grammatical structure of each sentence.
Prosodic Patterns
• Many people (especially those who have difficulties in hearing) are aware that they use lip-reading to understand speech.
Lip-reading
is when a word is recognized or identified more rapidly if immediately preceded by a semantically related word.
Semantic priming
This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus.
READING ALOUD
Patients with surface_____ have problems reading irregular words.
dyslexia
• an acquired reading disorder in which the substitution of semantically, but not visually, similar words in single word reading sometimes occur (e.g.,
“ship” is read as “boat”).
It occurs as a result of brain damage to the left-hemisphere brain areas involved in language
Deep dyslexia
Our eyes move rapidly in jerks
saccades
Saccades typically last ____ milliseconds and are interspersed with fixations lasting____ ms.
20-30, 200-250
is influenced by text difficulty and print size. It typically reaches three to four letters to the left of fixation and up to 15 to the right. This asymmetry is evident as readers of languages like Arabic, which read right to left, exhibit the opposite pattern.
perceptual span (effective field of view)
the total area from which useful information is extracted; this is the longest span.
total perceptual span
the area from which information is obtained.
letter-identification span
the area from which information relevant to word-identification processes is obtained; this is the shortest span.
word-identification span
Fixation duration on a word increases when it follows a rare word
spillover effect.
the most crucial form of auditory perception. Spoken language can be viewed as a unique form of music. Unlike other auditory perceptions, speech perception shows left-hemisphere dominance. Speech stimuli that fall between two phonemes are usually categorized as one or the other with a clear boundary (categorical perception).
Speech Perception
Difficulty in separating words from the continuous stream of speech sounds due to the ever-changing pattern of speech.
Segmentation Problem
Listeners encounter significant variations in speaking rates and often deal with degraded speech caused by distractions like background noise.
Individual Differences and Degraded Speech
Language is spoken at a fast pace, with approximately ten phonemes per second, requiring listeners to process information quickly.
Rapid Processing
This plays a significant role in spoken word recognition, influencing processing at different stages.
• The interactionist account claims contextual information can influence processing at an early stage.
• The autonomous account claims context has its effects late in processing
Context Effects
suggests that listeners perceive speech by simulating the articulatory movements of the speaker. This theory posits that the motor system plays a crucial role in understanding speech, as listeners covertly reproduce the movements required to produce the speech sounds they hear. By mimicking these movements, listeners generate less variable and more consistent information about the speech signal. The motor theory emphasizes the active involvement of the motor system in speech perception, highlighting the importance of motor processes in understanding spoken language.
motor theory
this model focuses mostly on short segments of genuine speech
TRACE I
focuses on the identification of phonemes and words in speech.
TRACE Il
Each component of speech-words, phonemes, and features- plays a unique function in producing understandable speech.
• By combining these components, this produces a coherent stream of speech rather than a collection of separate parts.
Trace Model
Who developed Trace model?
McClelland and Elman (1986) and McClelland (1991)
Proposed in the 1980’s by Marslen-Wilson, this is a representation for lexical retrieval.
- The acoustic information at the beginning of a word activates a “cohort” of possible words
Cohort Model
• A person’s mental dictionary, or vocabulary, is made up of all the terms they are acquainted with.
lexicon
