G3: Language Comprehendsion

Question 1

the ability to understand spoken or written language

Answer 1

Language Comprehension

Question 2

Breaking down or analysis of the syntactical structure of sentences.

Answer 2

Parsing

Question 3

• readers or listeners can be misled or “to be led down the garden path” by ambiguous sentences.

Answer 3

Garden-path Model (Fraizer & Rayner, 1982)

Question 4

• This model has been developed by MacDonald (2013) into the production-distribution-comprehension account. This model assumes speakers use various strategies to reduce processing demands:
• Start with common words and syntactically simple phrases while the rest of the utterance is planned.
• Favour more practised and easy sentence plans.

Answer 4

Constraint-based Model (MacDonal et al, 1994)

Question 5

This model combines aspects of the garden-path and constraint-based models. It assumes:
• All sources of information are used to identify a syntactic structure.
• All other possible syntactic structures are ignored unless the favoured syntactic structure is disconfirmed.
• If the initially chosen. syntactic structure has to be discarded then there is an extensive period of reanalysis.

Answer 5

Unrestricted Race Model (Van Sompel et al., 2001)

Question 6

• The study or analysis of intended meaning considering the context in which it is used.
• The intended meaning of a sentence may not be the same as its literal meaning.

Answer 6

Pragmatics

Question 7

• does not use a word’s strict or realistic meaning

Answer 7

Figurative Language

Question 8

Speakers not only use language to say things, but also to do things.
• Used to commit to an action.

Answer 8

Speech-Act theory

Question 9

• speaker’s utterance (Is there any salt?)

Answer 9

Locutionary Act

Question 10

speaker’s intention (Please give me some salt.)

Answer 10

Illocutionary Act

Question 11

• hearer’s reaction (Gives the salt)

Answer 11

Perlocutionary Act

Question 12

• Centered on the idea of appealing to a person’s positive or negative face by being polite.
• “The positive public image we seek to establish in social interactions.” (Goffman, 1995)

Answer 12

Politeness Theory

Question 13

• an individual’s desire to be liked and appreciated by others (self-esteem)

Example: “You always wear such lovely clothes! I’d love to borrow something one day.”

Answer 13

Positive Face

Question 14

• an individual’s desire to protect their personal rights (freedom of speech and action)

Example: “I know it’s a real pain, and I hope you don’t mind, but could you please print these off for me?”

Answer 14

Negative Face

Question 15

• Based on the idea of cooperation.
• When people talk, they naturally want to work together, which makes it easier to understand each other.

Answer 15

Cooperative Principle

Question 16

• They will tell the truth or what they think is the truth.

Answer 16

Maxim of Quality

Question 17

• They will give sufficient information.

Answer 17

Maxim of Quantity

Question 18

• They will say things that are relevant to the conversation.

Answer 18

Maxim of Relevance

Question 19

• They will be clear, pleasant and helpful.

Answer 19

Maxim of Manner

Question 20

: What a person can imply, suggest, or mean.
• Refers to indirect speech acts.
• Examining or wanting to know what something means without them explicitly saying it.
• Example: A couple are watching TV, but they are both looking at their phones and not paying much attention to the TV. The boy says, “Are you watching this? “ The girl grabs the remote and changes the channel.

Answer 20

Conversational Implicature

Question 21

• knowledge of the strategies and realizing speech intentions and linguistic items used.

Answer 21

Pragmalinguistics

Question 22

• Indicates the social perception that underlie participants’ interpretation and performance of communicative

Answer 22

Sociopragmatics

Question 23

• That part of pragmatics that studies the “mental” uses of signs.

Answer 23

Psychopragamtics

Question 24

The enduring psychological characteristics that distinguishes one person from another, which makes it easier and helpful to define each person’s individuality or identity.

Answer 24

Individual Differencess

Question 25

This is piecing together a story. It’s about understanding who or what the story is about, making sure everything makes sense, and connecting new information with what you already know. It helps you follow conversations, figure out who’s talking, and ensure there are no mistakes or confusing parts. It’s like solving a puzzle to understand the big picture of what’s being said or written.

Answer 25

Discourse processing

Question 26

involves constructing an internal representation based on existing knowledge previously gained in the brain (Quillian, 1968; Wang
2003). It is what unlocks the mental pathways to build meaning, understanding, and a mental picture of text.

Answer 26

Comprehension

Question 27

Understanding a text’s concepts, ideas, terminology, events, and given information is known as literal comprehension.
It entails obtaining precise responses to inquiries or compiling data for inquiries beginning with “what, where, when, who,” etc.

Answer 27

Level 1: Literal level comprehension

Question 28

The capacity to draw reasonable conclusions from facts and information obtained or The literal level of comprehension requires some abilities that are necessary for comprehending any text or statement in general, and they include:
• The ability to understand what a sentence is saying without analyzing it.
• The ability to understand the literal meaning of words.
• The ability to understand the literal meaning of sentences.

Answer 28

Level 2: Inference Comprehension

Question 29

Comprehension is more than just making sense of the text or music by decoding it. It also entails expressing opinions and reactions to information or occurrences in light of a more thorough comprehension of the text or circumstance.
This is like enjoying a book or piece of music because it resonates with your personal tastes and interests. It involves reading or experiencing something with a sense of enjoyment or appreciation, often because it aligns with your values, preferences, or emotions.

Answer 29

Level 5: Appreciative Comprehension

Question 30

A deeper grasp of the subject or event is necessary. It entails evaluating and assessing the purpose, viewpoint, language, and presentational style of an event or an author.

Answer 30

Level 3: Evaluative Comprehension

Question 31

involves taking information from a text or event, understanding it as it’s presented, and then rearranging it into new patterns that align with your own ideas.

Answer 31

Level 4: Reorganization Comprehension