G&D: Theories Flashcards
What is Freud’s Theory?
- psychosexual development
- Sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at certain ages
- Unresolved conflict and unmet needs at certain stage lead to a fixation of development
What are the stages of Freuds theory?
- oral (birth to 1 year)
- anal (1-3 years)
- phallic (3-6 years)
- latency (6-12 years)
- genital (12 years to adulthood)
What is this stage of Freud’s theory? pleasure largely from the mouth, with sucking, eating, chewing, and mouthing objects as primary desires
oral stage (birth to 1 year)
Explain the anal stage of Freud’s theory
Anal (1 to 3 years) The young child’s pleasure is centered in the anal area, with control over body secretions as a prime force in behavior.
Explain the phallic stage of freud’s theory
Phallic (3 to 6 years)
centered in the genitalia, and children explore touching their sexual organs
initially identifies with opposite sex parent, then shifts to same-sex parent
Explain the latency stage of freud’s theory
importance of privacy & understanding the body
child focuses on other activities related to social and cognitive growth during this stage
Explain the genital stage of freuds theory
Genital (12 years to adulthood)
focus on genital function and relationships
What is Erikson’s Theory?
- psychosocial development
- Each stage has a crisis with two possible outcomes:
- When needs are met, the consequence is healthy and the individual moves on to future stages with particular strengths.
- When needs are not met, an unhealthy outcome occurs that will influence future social relationships
What are the stages of Erikson’s theory?
- Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
- Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)
- Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)
- Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years)
Explain the trust vs mistrust stage
- Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)
- developing sense of trust when needs are met
- basic needs are not met = mistrust others
What is the significance of having trust? (Erikson)
Trust = have confidence that the world is a good place and to approach life with a general sense of optimism
Explain the Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 3 years)
sense of autonomy or independence is shown by controlling body excretions, saying no when asked to do something, and directing motor activity
What is the significance of having autonomy? (erikson)
Criticism = shame about themselves and doubt in their abilities.
autonomy = person who can function with independence and self-direction
Explain the initiative vs guilt stage
Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years)
exposed to more people outside of the family and therefore initiates new activities and considers new ideas
What is the significance of taking initiative (Erikson)
- interest in exploring the world creates a child who is involved and busy.
- learns to assume new responsibilities and becomes aware of guiding principles for actions.
- Constant criticism for the child’s activities= feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose.
Explain the Industry versus inferiority stage
Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years)
child takes pride in accomplishments in sports, school, home, and community
self-worth from involvement in activities
Why is developing a sense of industry important? (erikson)
provides the child with purpose and confidence in his or her ability to be successful
Explain the Identity versus role confusion stage
search for self identity leads to independence from parents & stronger peer relationships
What is piaget’s theory?
- cognitive development
- child incorporates new experiences via assimilation and changes to deal with these experiences by the process of accommodation
- children were active participants in the unfolding of their inborn cognitive structures, taking in information and modifying behaviors as a result
What are the stages of piaget’s theory?
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete operational (7 to 11 years)
- Formal operational (11 years to adulthood)
What is the sensorimotor stage and what does it include?
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) - piaget
- Infants learn about the world by input obtained through the senses and by their motor activity
includes:
- use of reflexes
- object permanence
What is object permanence?
the knowledge that something continues to exist even when out of sight
What is the preoperational stage and what does it include? (6)
Preoperational (2 to 7 years) - piaget
ability to think using symbols and words to represent objects; egocentric thinking & speech
includes:
- egocentrism
-transductive reasoning
-magical thinking
-centration
-animism
- assimilation
What is egocentrism?
inability to see things from the perspective of another
What is transductive reasoning?
drawing conclusions from one general fact to another
What is magical thinking?
the belief that events occur because of thoughts or wishes
What is centration?
ability to consider only one aspect of a situation at a time
What is animism?
giving life to inanimate objects because they move, make noise, or have certain other qualities
what is assimilation?
change a situation (or how they perceive it) to fit their thoughts
explain concrete operational stage and what does it include?
Concrete operational (7 to 11 years) - piaget
ability to think logically, social thinking and speech (awareness of others & relationships)
includes:
- Transductive reasoning
- accommodation
- conservation
Define accommodation
adapt thoughts to fit what is perceived
Define conservation
that matter does not change when its form is altered
What is the formal operational stage?
Formal operational (11 years to adulthood) - piaget
ability to reason abstractly and deductively, establish own identity and values including idealistic thinking
What is Kohlberg’s theory?
- moral development
- type of cognitive development concerned with moral decisions
What are the stages of Kohlberg’s Theory?
Preconventional (4 to 7 years)
Conventional (7 to 11 years)
Postconventional (12 years and older)
What stage is this describing in Kohlberg’s theory?Decisions are based on the desire to please others and to avoid punishment
Preconventional (4 to 7 years)
Describe the conventional stage
Conventional (7 to 11 years) - Kohlberg
decision-making based on rules to please others and be “good”, and stem from standards and teachings by others
Describe the post-conventional stage
Postconventional (12 years and older)
decision-making based on internal ethical standards and social responsibility, and able to consider different moral approaches
What are the types of plays? (6)
- solitary
- parallel
- associative
- dramatic
- interactive
- cooperative
What is solitary play?
a stage of infant development where your child plays alone
What is parallel play?
a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another’s behavior
What is associative play?
first stage where social interaction is required in children’s play as they engage in a mutual activity, though not working toward a common goal
what is dramatic play?
kids take on roles and act them out as a way of exploring themselves and their surroundings
What is interactive play?
child is playing directly with another person
What is cooperative play?
children play together with shared goals
