G&D: Ch. 4 - Infancy (0-12mo) & Toddlerhood (1-2y/o)

Question 0

Early Infancy 0-3mo

Answer 0

Gross Motor
 - Total head lag in pull-to-sit 
 - Lifts head in prone
Fine Motor
 - prereaching & ulnar grasp
Oral- Motor
 - Coordinates suck, swallow, and respiration
Cognitive-Language
 - Cries, coos, chuckles, vocalizes when not
   crying
Personal-Social
 - First smile 
 - visual tracking (not across > across midline)

Question 1

Infancy

Answer 1

Birth to 12mo
Height: increases in length by 50% or >
Weight: increases 3X more
V.S: HR @birth: 120-140bpm
       HR@1st yr: 80-100bmp
       BP@birth: 80/55
       BP@1st yr: 95-100/55

Question 2

Middle Infancy 4-6mo

Answer 2

Gross Motor 
 -  reflexes: ATNR, TLR, palmar grasp,
    stepping
 -  rolls prone<>supine
 -  supported standing w/weight bearing
 -  sits propped
Fine Motor
 -  Midline play with both hands
 -  Primarily ulnar & palmar grasp, reach/rake
Oral-Motor
 -  Spoon feeding (no upper lip activity > lip
    activity)
Cognitive-Language
 -  Secondary circular reactions (purpose)
 -  Babbling begins
Personal-Social
 -  Shows delight; laughs/chuckles

Question 3

Late Infancy 7-9mo

Answer 3

Gross Motor
- Sits erect
- Commando crawls > creeping (on all fours)
> quadruped begins (hands/feet movement)
Fine Motor
- Radial Palmar Grasp > Lat Pincer Grasp
Oral-Motor
- Munching patterns (eats well with spoon)
Congnitive-Language
- Babbles vowel-constonant sounds
- Object performance develops (recognizes
objects if hidden)
Personal-Social
- “emotional being”: shows anger/fear
- early signs of caregiver attachment

Question 4

Transitional Infancy 10-12mo

Answer 4

Gross Motor
- Creeps on hands/knees
- Cruises with assist from furniture >standing
> walking
Fine Motor
- Inferior pincer grasp (opposition of the
thumb to connect to the volar aspect of the
finger)
- Pincer pad to pad grasp (pad of thumb to
pad of finger)
- Superior pincer tip to tip grasp (tip of thumb
to tip of finger)
Oral-Motor
- Eats solids (jaw/tongue movement)
Cognitive-Language
- First word
- Means-End relationship (cause - effect)
Personal-Social
- Stranger anxiety, attachment style

Question 5

Developmental Delay

Answer 5

failure to fall within the normal ranges of milestone development

Question 6

Flow & Calibration of Toddler Activity

Answer 6

Flow - smooth, fluid

Calibration - judgement of force,speed, direction

Question 7

Toddler Postural Development

Answer 7

Static postural stability (maintained when still)

Dynamic postural stability (when in motion)

Question 8

Abnormal Development

Answer 8

an infant may be in the low range of milestones, but the performance of the task is poor

Question 9

Equilibrium Rxn of Toddlers

Answer 9

Rotational movements to maintain balance begins 12-21mo through age of 4-5y

Question 10

Fine Motor Development of Toddlers (grasps)

Answer 10

Power Grasp - full strength of hand
 - Spherical Grip (around a ball)
 - Cylindrical Grip (twisting)
 - Hook Grip (around a bar)
 - Plate/Lat Phrehension (holding a frisbee)
Precision Grasp - smaller object manipulation
 - Tripod Position (holding a crayon)
 - Pincer (eating/small blocks)

Question 11

Sensory Integration of Toddlerhood

Answer 11

Combining sensory info = categorization of perceptual info (cloths are itchy, hot & cold)
Sensory Integration produces Global/Specific Mental fx:
- Energy/drive
- Temperament
- Intellectual
- Attention
- Emotion
- Sequencing complex movements
*sensory overload or lack of sensory integration can disrupt these mental fx: ADHD

Question 12

Touch Skills of Toddlers

Answer 12

Discriminative Touch
- Conscious touch
- Hard, smooth, or curvature of object
Haptic Perception
- Active memory of touch (identify texture)
Tactile Defensiveness
- Can lead to selective choices of food &
clothing
- Can adversely effect hand skills, self-care,
and social skill development

Question 13

Self-Care of Toddlers

Answer 13

Independence > self-recognition (knowing who/what you are to the rest of the world)

Question 14

Purpose of Play for Toddlers

Answer 14

Pleasure = more repeated tasks
Creates an inner drive = sensory integration
Outcomes:
- Mastery Motivation: drive to find solutions
- Self-Efficacy: belief in personal power to
change things

Question 15

Types of Play

Answer 15

Types of Play:
 - Solitary play (independent)
 - Onlooker play (watches others play)
 - Parallel play (play in same vicinity and
   engaged in similar tasks (2yrs)
 - Associate play (follow each other, borrow
   and demonstrate toys (2yrs)
  -Cooperative play (social interaction/group
   activity)
 - Fantasy play (uses props, dresses up)
     -Good in a “safe” environment (preschool
      age)
 - Constructive play (making/building of
   things)
     - fine motor and manipulation
       development and skills (3-4 yrs)