G & D Flashcards by KENITH V. LAGO

Indicators of growth

○ Height
○ Weight
○ Bone size
○ Dentition

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qualitative measurement of
increasing capacity to function at more advanced levels.

DEVELOPMENT

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PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT:

. Growth and Development are continuous
processed from conception until death

Growth and Development proceed in an orderly
sequence.

Different children pass through the predictable
stages at different rates.

All body systems do not develop at the same rate.

Development is Cephalocaudal.

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inheritance of an individual is
established at conception.

Genetics

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sets the stage for interactive
dynamics of growth and development.

Temperament

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Described adult behavior as the result of
instinctual drives that have a primary sexual nature

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
OF SIGMUND FREUD

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Psychosexual developmental theory
of sigmund freud: what stage: Provide oral stimulation

INFANCY (1 MONTH – 1 YEAR)

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Psychosexual developmental theory
of sigmund freud: what stage: “anal phase” during this time, children’s interests focus on
the anal region as they begin toilet training.

TODDLER (1 – 3 YEARS)

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Psychosexual developmental theory
of sigmund freud: what stage:

shift from the anal to
the genital area.
the “phallic phase.”
awareness of genital area.
Masturbation is common
o show exhibitionism

PRE SCHOOLER (3 – 5 YEARS)

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Psychosexual developmental theory
of sigmund freud: what stage: “latent
phase”, a time in which children’s libido
appears to be diverted into concrete thinking.

SCHOOL AGE (6 – 12 YEARS)

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Psychosexual developmental theory
of sigmund freud: what stage:

establish satisfactory relationships with the opposite sex

ADOLESCENT (12 – 21 YEARS)

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Stresses the importance of culture and society in development of the personality.
person’s social view

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ERIK
ERIKSONS’ “STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT”

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Infancy

Trust VS Mistrust

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Adolescence

Identity VS Role Confusion

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Toddlerhood

Autonomy VS Shame and
Doubt

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Young Adult

Intimacy VS Isolation

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”:

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Preschool

Initiative VS Guilt

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Middle Adult

Generativity VS Stagnation

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: School Age

– Industry VS Inferiority

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psychosocial development of erik
eriksons’ “stages of development”: Late Adult

Ego VS Integrity

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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JEAN PIAGET:

1 MONTH TO 24 MONTHS: SENSORIMOTOR

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Stimuli are assimilated into beginning
mental images.

Neonatal reflex (1 month)

Hand mouth and ear-eye coordination
develop.
● Beginning intention of behavior is
present.

Primary circular reaction (1 – 4 months old).

Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat pleasurable experiences from the environment. ● Memory traces are present; infants anticipate familiar events.

Secondary circular reaction (4 – 8 months).

Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals. ● Can search for and retrieve toy that disappear from view

Coordination of Secondary Reactions (8 – 12 months).

Child is able to experiment to discover new properties of objects and events. ● Capable of space perception and time perception as well as permanence

Tertiary Circular Reaction (12 – 18 months)

● Transitional phase to the preoperational thought period. ● Uses memory and imitation to act. ● Can solve basic problems.

Invention of new means through mental combination (18 – 24 months)

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JEAN PIAGET 2 TO 7 YEARS:

PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT

more symbolic. ● Comprehends simple abstractions but thinking concrete and literal. ● Children are egocentric. Displays static thinking. ● systematic reasoning. ● sorting objects according to attributes. ● aware of reversibility. ● Understands conservation.

2 TO 7 YEARS: PREOPERATIONAL THOUGHT

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF JEAN 7 TO 12 YEARS:

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THOUGHT

● Includes systematic reasoning. ● Classifications involve sorting objects according to attributes. ● Children are aware of reversibility. ● Understands conservation

7 TO 12 YEARS: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THOUGHT

Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning. ● Understands causality and can deal with the past, present, and future. ● Adult or mature thoughts.

12 YEARS: FORMAL OPERATIONAL THOUGHT

Developed a theory on the way children gain knowledge of right and wrong or moral reasoning

MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAWRENCE KOHLBERG stages

LEVEL 1: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL 3: POSTCONVENTIONAL

punishment/obedience orientation. “Heteronymous morality.”

STAGE 1 (2 to 3 years)

– individualism. Carries out actions to satisfy own needs rather than societies.

STAGE 2 (4 to 7 years)

orientation to interpersonal relations of mutuality.

STAGE 3 (7 to 10 years)

– maintenance of social order, fixed rules, and authority

STAGE 4 (10 to 14 years) –

social contract, utilitarian law-making perspectives.

STAGE 5 (older than 12 years old)

– universal ethical principle orientation.

STAGE 6 –

EXPECTED STAGES OF PLAY DEVELOPMENT: holding toys.

Exploratory (age 0 – 1)

EXPECTED STAGES OF PLAY DEVELOPMENT: – imitation age

Toys as Adult Toys (age 1 – 7)

EXPECTED STAGES OF PLAY DEVELOPMENT: Games and Hobbies

(age 8 – 12 years

B. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS: alone, but enjoys the presence of others, interest is centered on own activity.

Solitary Play (0 to 18 months)

B. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS: plays alongside, but not with another; characteristic of toddlers but can occur in other age groups.

Parallel Play 18 months to 3 year

B. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS: no group. often follows a leader.

Associative Play (3 to 6 years)

B. SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS: rules, leader/relationship established.

Cooperative Play (6 to 12 years) –

ACCIDENT PREVENTION

Falls Sufocation Aspiration Burns Poisoning

DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS

Teething Thumb Sucking Constipation Colic

occurs when the child cannot integrate his internal impulses

Temper Tantrums

Eliminate asking questions that require a “yes" or “no” answer.

Negativism

child finds it difficult to perform tasks.

Dawdling/Dilly dallying

HEALTH PROBLEMS MOST COMMON IN PRESCHOOLERS:

Punishment and rejection. thermometers Pain

major problem of the school age child

Age of Dental Caries

a illness common for a school age child (6 – 12 years)

Psychosomatic illness

DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS: school age child (6 – 12 years)

School Phobias Handedness Stealing