G 10 Flashcards
mentor
导师；教导，指导
mercenary
（外国军队的）雇佣军；唯利是图的，贪婪的
mercurial
（情绪）善变的; adjective: (of a person) prone to unexpected and unpredictable changes in mood
meretricious
艳俗的，俗气的; attractive in a vulgar or flashy way, tawdry; deceptive
merge
v. to cause to combine, unite, or coalesce: blend
merit
v.值得；n.价值，长处
merited
应得的，理所应当的
meritorious
adj.值得赞赏的
mesh
诱捕
mesmeric
催眠的，催眠术的；令人着迷的，难以抗拒的
mesmerism
n.催眠术，催眠引导法
mesmerize
v.对…催眠；使入迷，迷住; verb: to spellbind or enthrall
metabolic
adj.新陈代谢的
metamorphose
（使）变形
metamorphosis
a complete change or transformation (in biology, a change such a caterpillar becoming a pupa and then a butterfly)
metaphor
隐语；象征
metaphysical
哲学上的，理论上的；非尘世的; concerned with abstract thought, related to metaphysics (branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the nature of being and of the world); very subtle or abstruse
metaphysics
a branch of philosophy that investigates the ultimate nature of reality
mete
v.给予，分配；测量；n.边界
meteoric
流星般迅速而短暂的; adjective: like a meteor in speed or brilliance or transience
meteorological
concerned with the weather
methodical
井然有序的，有条理的
meticulous
极为谨慎的; adjective: marked by extreme care in treatment of details
metrical
a.测量的；韵律的
mettle
勇气；毅力，耐力; courage; endurance
mettlesome
adj.精神抖擞的; adjective: filled with courage or valor
microbe
n.微生物
microcosm
a small system having analogies to a larger system
mien
n.风采，态度
miff
使恼怒
mighty
a.强有力的，强大的；巨大的
migratory
迁移的
milieu
环境，氛围; environment, atmosphere; the environmental setting in which something happens or develops
military
军事的，军用的
militate
have a great effect, weigh heavily (often as militate against)
militia
n.民兵
milk
榨取（财富、信息等）
mime
模仿
mimic
仿真的，仿造的；滑稽地模仿（以取笑）；模仿; v. to imitate closely: ape; v. to ridicule by imitation: satire
minatory
带来威胁的，有凶兆的; threatening; menacing
mince
切碎；小步走
mingle
参加社交活动；混合，结合
minimize
将…减到最少；刻意低估；表示鄙夷
miniscule
极小的
ministration
职务，援助，服侍
minnow
n.鲤科，小鱼
mint
巨额；无损坏的
minuet
n.小步舞
minuscular
微小的
minuscule
very small
minute
仔细的，谨小慎微的；小的，不重要的
minutes
n.会议记录
minutia
次要的细节，小事; petty details
mirage
海市蜃楼，幻想
mire
困境；使陷入困境，拖后腿
mired
stuck, entangled (in something, like a swamp or muddy area), soiled
mirth
欢乐，欢笑; jollity, merriment; amusement or laughter
misalliance
n.不适当的结合
misanthrope
n.厌恶人类者; noun: a hater of mankind
misanthropic
反人类的
misapprehension
错误的理解、判断
misattribute
verb: to erroneously attribute; to falsely ascribe; used especially of authorship.
misbehaving
调皮的，行为不端的
miscellany
n.混合物; mixture of writings on various subjects
mischievous
调皮的，淘气的；有害的
misconception
误解
misconstrue
误解，曲解; verb: interpret in the wrong way
miscreant
恶棍，罪犯; noun: a person who breaks the law
misdemeanor
轻罪
misdirect
v.误导
miser
noun: a person who doesn’t like to spend money (because they are greedy)
miserable
a.痛苦的，悲惨的；少得可怜的
miserliness
吝啬；贪婪
miserly
吝啬的
misery
n.悲惨的境遇；痛苦，苦恼
misfortune
不幸
misgiving
担忧，疑虑
mishandle
粗鲁地对待；错误地处理；虐待
mishap
不幸之事
misinterpret
曲解
misnomer
n.名字的误用；误用的名称
misogynist
noun: a person who dislikes women in particular
misogyny
n.厌恶女人
misperceive
v.误解
misrepresent
误传，篡改
misrepresentation
n.误传，不实的陈述
misshapen
a.畸形的，奇形怪状的
missive
n.信件，（尤指）公函; letter, written message
mistral
n.寒冷且干燥的强风
misunderstand
误解；误会
misused
误用，滥用
mite
微小的东西，很少的钱
mitigant
a.缓和的，减轻的；n.缓和物
mitigate
减轻痛苦，使缓和; verb: make less severe or harsh; verb: lessen the severity of an offense
mnemonic
related to memory; assisting memory
mnemonics
n.记忆法，记忆术
moan
v./n.呻吟；抱怨
moat
n.壕沟；护城河
mobile
可移动的；可变的
mobility
n.可动性，流动性
mock
v.嘲笑；（为嘲笑而）模仿
mockery
鄙视，嘲弄；以嘲笑为目的的模仿
mode
n.样式；模式；方式，形式；时尚，风尚
moderate
使缓和；适度的，中庸的; v. to lessen the intensity or extremeness: alleviate; adj. avoiding extremes of behavior or expression: reasonable; adj. having average or less than average quality: mediocre
moderately
adv.适度地，有节制地
moderation
n.自制，节制
modernize
v.使现代化
modest
a.谦虚的，谦逊的；适度的; humble, simple rather than showy; decent (esp. “covering up” in terms of dress); small limited
modestly
adv.谦虚地，谦逊地；适度地
modicum
少量; noun: a small or moderate or token amount
modifier
n.修改者；修饰语
modify
v.修改，更改
modish
a.时髦的; stylish, contemporary
modulate
v.调整，调节；调音
moisten
v.弄湿，使湿润
moldy
a.发霉的
molecular
adj.分子的
molest
v.骚扰，困扰
mollify
平息，抚慰，缓和; verb: to make someone angry less angry; placate
mollycoddle
宠爱，溺爱
molt
脱（羽、皮等）; shed or cast off, esp. to regularly shed skin, feathers, etc. (as a snake)
molten
a.熔融的，熔化的
moment
n.瞬间；重要; noun: significant and important value
momentarily
adv.暂时地；片刻，立刻
momentary
瞬间的；刹那间的
momentous
极重要的
momentum
动力；冲力；势头
monarch
君主，帝王；巨头，大亨
monastic
relating to or resembling a monastery (where monks or nuns live), esp. by being quiet, secluded, contemplative, strict, and/or lacking luxuries
monetary
a.金钱的；货币的
mongrel
杂种的，混血儿的
monochromatic
单色的；单调无聊的
monocle
n.单片眼镜
monograph
n.专题论文
monolith
n.单块巨石；单一的庞大组织
monolithic
a.坚若磐石的；巨大的; solid and uniform; constituting a single, unified whole
monologue
独白
monopolize
垄断，主宰
monopoly
n.专利权；垄断
monotonous
（声音）单调的；清一色的，无聊的; adj. tediously uniform or unvarying: dull
monotony
n.单调，千篇一律; sameness or repetitiousness to the point of being boring; lack of variation, uniformity, esp. repetition in sound
monsoon
n.季风；雨季
monstrous
a.巨大的；丑陋的，外表可怕的
montage
大杂烩
monumental
a.极大的；纪念碑的
moody
a.喜怒无常的；抑郁的
moot
adjective: open to argument or debate; undecidable in a meaningless or irrelevant way
mope
v.抑郁，闷闷不乐；n.情绪低落
morale
n.士气，民心
moralistic
a.道学的，说教的
moratorium
延期，暂缓施行
morbid
疾病的，疾病所致的；（思想性格）变态的
mordancy
辛辣；嘲弄；刻薄
mordant
尖酸刻薄的; adjective: biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style
moreover
besides; in addition to what was just stated
mores
n.习俗，惯例; customs, manners, or morals of particular group
moribund
即将结束的，垂死的；即将过时; adjective: being on the point of death; declining rapidly losing all momentum in progress
morose
忧郁的; adjective: ill-tempered and not inclined to talk; gloomy
morph
verb: to undergo dramatic change in a seamless and barely noticeable fashion.
morsel
n.（食物的）一小口，一小块；小量，一点
mortality
n.死亡率
mortgage
n.抵押；抵押证书；v.用…作抵押
mortification
n.耻辱，屈辱
mortify
v.使丢脸，侮辱
mosaic
综合物，马赛克般的东西
mosque
清真寺
mote
n.尘埃，微尘
moth-eaten
过时的
motif
n.（文艺作品等的）主题，主旨
motile
能动的
motility
n.运动性
motivate
刺激，激发
motley
混杂的，富于变化的; many colored; made up of many parts
mottle
标记上杂色斑点
motto
座右铭
mourn
v.哀悼；悲痛，哀伤
mournful
悲伤的
movement
运动
muck
n.堆肥，粪肥；v.施肥；捣乱
muddle
n.迷惑，困惑；混乱
muddy
不干净的；浑浊的，不清晰的；使难以理解
muffle
使消声
muggy
a.（天气）闷热而潮湿的
mulct
verb: to defraud or swindle
mulish
固执的
mull
v.思考，思索；n.混乱
multicellular
adj.多细胞的
multifaceted
adj.多方面的
multifarious
a.多种的，各式各样的; diverse, having a lot of variety
multiple
a.多样的，多重的
multiplicity
n.多样性
multiply
v.乘；增加；繁殖
mumble
说话含糊
munch
v.用力咀嚼，出声咀嚼
mundane
尘世的，世俗化的；平凡的; adjective: repetitive and boring; not spiritual; adjective: relating to the ordinary world
municipality
n.自治市；市政当局（指城市行政区及管理者）
munificence
n.慷慨给予，宽宏大量
munificent
慷慨的; adjective: very generous
muniments
n.契据
munition
n.军火，军需品
mural
a.墙壁的；n.壁画
murderous
adj.蓄意谋杀的，凶残的；极厉害的，要命的
murky
黯淡的，昏暗的；模糊的，晦涩的
murmur
小声的话语；低声抱怨，发牢骚
muse
v.沉思，冥想
mushy
a.糊状的；感伤的，多情的
musket
n.旧式步枪，毛瑟枪
muster
v.召集，聚集
mutable
adj.可变的；易变的
mutate
（使）改变，（使）变异
mute
不说话的，缄默的；使颜色，音调等柔和；减弱声音
muted
a.（声音）减弱的，变得轻柔的; adjective: softened, subdued
mutineer
n.反叛者，背叛者
mutinous
a.叛变的；反抗的
mutter
低声抱怨
mutual
相互的；共同的
muzzy
a.头脑糊涂的
myopia
n.近视；缺乏远见
myopic
缺乏远见的，缺乏辨别能力的; adjective: lacking foresight or imagination
myriad
无限的，大量的; noun: a large indefinite number
mysteriousness
神秘的
mystic
a.神秘的；迷样的，难解的；n.神秘主义者
mysticism
n.神秘主义
mythic
a.神话的；虚构的
nadir
最低点; noun: the lowest point
nag
v.不断叨扰，指责，抱怨
naïve
天真纯朴的; simple and unsophisticated, unsuspecting, lacking worldly experience and critical judgement
naiveté
天真或轻信；幼稚
namby-pamby
a.乏味的；懦弱的；n.懦弱的人
narcissism
自恋; n. love of or sexual desire for one’s own body; n. egoism, egocentrism
narcissist
n.自负狂，自恋者
narcissistic
adj.自恋的
narcotic
n.麻醉剂；a.催眠的，麻醉的
narrative
a.叙述性的
narrow
adj.狭窄的；狭隘的；v.变窄
nasal
a.鼻的；有鼻音的
nascent
新生的; coming into existence, still developing
natal
a.出生的，诞生时的
natty
整洁的，时髦的
naturalistic
adj.自然主义的
nausea
n.作呕，恶心
nauseate
（使）厌恶，（使）作呕
nautical
航海的
navigate
v.驾驶；航行；使通过
naysay
拒绝，否认
naysayer
n.怀疑者，否定者
nebulous
模糊的; adj. of, relating to, or resembling a nebula: indistinct, vague
necessitous
a.贫困的；紧迫的
necromancy
black magic
needle
n.针；针叶
needy
贫困的
nefarious
极坏的，邪恶的
negate
v.取消；否认; deny or refute; make void or cause to be ineffective
negation
否定
negligence
n.粗心，疏忽
negligent
疏忽大意的
negligible
a.可以忽略的，微不足道的; adjective: so small as to be meaningless; insignificant
negligibly
adv.无足轻重地，不值一提地
negotiable
a.可协商的；可通行的
negotiate
商量，谈判；谋划
nemesis
n.报应
neolithic
a.新石器时代的
neologism
n.新字，新词; new word or phrase (or a new meaning applied to an existing word or phrase)
neonate
n.新生儿
neophyte
初学者，新手; beginner, novice; person newly converted to a religion
nepotistic
裙带关系；裙带主义
nerve
（坚强的）意志，勇气；给予勇气，鼓励
net
remaining after expenses or other factors have been deducted; ultimate (adj); to bring in as profit, or to catch as in a net (verb)
nethermost
a.最低的，最下面的
nettle
惹怒; irritate, sting, or annoy
nettlesome
adjective: causing irritation or annoyance
neurology
n.神经学
neurosis
n.神经官能症
neutralize
中和；破坏，使无效
neutron
n.中子
nevertheless or nonetheless
however, even so, despite that
newsworthy
a.有新闻价值的，有报道价值的
nexus
连结；核心，最重要的地带; a means of connection; a center
nibble
小口咬
nicety
准确，精准；细微之处; n. careful attention to details or delicate exactness: precision
nifty
a.极好的，极妙的
niggle
v.拘泥小节；小气地给
niggling
a.琐碎的
nil
不存在，零
nimble
a.敏捷的，灵活的
nip
少量；小口吃喝
nirvana
彻底放松的状态；天堂，极乐世界
nitpick
吹毛求疵
nocturnal
夜间的；夜间活动的
noisome
有害的，有毒的；恶臭的；非常令人厌恶的; adjective: having an extremely bad smell
nomad
游牧的；居无定所的人
nomadic
a.游牧的；流浪的
nominal
不重要的；名义上的; trivial, so small as to be unimportant; in name only, so-called
nominally
a.名义上地；有名无实地
nominate
v.提名；任命，指定
nonchalance
n.冷漠，冷淡
nonchalant
冷漠的; adjective: coming across as uninterested or unconcerned; overly casual
nonchalantly
adv.冷淡地，冷漠地
noncommittal
a.态度暧昧的；不承担义务的
nonconformist
adj.不墨守成规的；n.不墨守成规的人
nondescript
平凡的，不吸引人的
nonentity
不重要的人；虚构的东西
nonflammable
a.不易燃的
nonplus
使迷惑，使困窘; n. a state of bafflement or perplexity: quandary; v. to cause to be at a loss as to what to say, think, or do: perplex
nonplussed
adj.不知所措的，陷于困境的; verb: unsure how to act or respond
nonporous
a.无孔的；不渗透的
nonradioactive
a.非放射性的
nonsense
无意义的话，废话
nonsensical
a.荒谬的；无意义的
nonthreatening
a.不构成威胁的
nontrivial
important or big enough to matter
nonviable
a.无法生存的，不能成活的
noose
n.绳圈，套索
normative
implying or attempting to establish a norm; expressing value judgments or telling people what to do (rather than merely describing that which is happening)
nostalgia
思乡之情；怀旧，怀念; sentimental longing for a past time
nostrum
n.家传秘方，江湖药；万灵丹，妙策; medicine or remedy of doubtful effectiveness
notable
a.值得注意的，显著的
notate
v.以符号表示
notch
刻痕；通过努力获得
notoriety
（尤指因为丑闻而出名的）名人；坏名声; ill fame; the state of being well-known for a disgraceful reason
notorious
a.臭名昭著的
notoriously
adv.臭名昭著地
nourish
养育，抚养；培养，促进
novel
新奇的; new, fresh, original
novelty
n.新奇；新奇的事物
novice
新手，初学者
noxious
有害的，有毒的；产生强烈厌恶的; adj. constituting a harmful or destructive influence: pernicious
nuance
细微的差异; noun: a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude
nubile
a.适婚的；性感的
nucleate
v.（使）成核；a.有核的
nudge
用肘推以引起注意；说服某人做某事
nugatory
无关紧要的; trifling; invalid
null
adj.无效的；等于零的
nullification
（尤指法律条文等正式的）废除，废弃
nullify
v.使无效；抵消; v. to make of no value or consequence: invalidate
numb
失去感觉的；麻木的，无感情的
numerous
a.许多的，很多的
numinous
a.超自然的，神的
numismatist
n.钱币学家，钱币收藏家
nurture
提供营养；培育，培养
nutrient
n.营养品，滋养物
nutritional
adj.营养的，滋养的
nutritious
adj.有营养的，滋养的
oaf
愚蠢的人
oasis
n.绿洲
oath
誓言
obdurate
固执的；冷酷无情的; adjective: stubbornly persistent in changing an opinion or action
obedient
服从的，顺从的
obeisance
敬礼，尊重; n. a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission: bow
obese
a.极胖的
obfuscate
使困惑，使模糊; v. to make obscure: befog; v. to confuse: puzzle
objection
n.厌恶，反对
objective
a.客观的；n.目标; factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by emotions, unbiased
objurgate
verb: express strong disapproval of
objurgation
n. a harsh rebuke: censure
obligated
a.有义务的，有责任的
obligatory
强制性的；（见得多以至于）无聊的
oblige
v.强迫，强制；施恩惠于…; v. to constrain by force or by the exigencies of circumstance: force; v. to do a favor for: help
obliging
乐于助人的; adjective: showing a cheerful willingness to do favors for others
oblique
斜的; adjective: not straightforward; indirect
obliqueness
n.斜度，倾斜
obliterate
除去
oblivious
不知道的，不知情的
obloquy
谩骂，诽谤；恶名，耻辱
obnoxious
a.令人极不愉快的；可憎的
obscure
含义模糊的；平凡的，不知名的；使模糊; verb: make unclear; adjective: known by only a few
obscurity
n.费解；不出名
obsequious
谄媚的，奴性的; adjective: attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery
obsequiousness
n.谄媚
obsequy
funeral ceremony
observance
n.（对法律、习俗等的）遵守，奉行
observant
警惕的，警觉的；严格遵守（规章、制度或原则）的
obsess
迷住，使困扰
obsessed
a.沉迷的，着迷的
obsession
n.入迷，着迷；固执的念头
obsessive
a.强迫性的，急迫的；使人着迷的
obsolescent
a.逐渐荒废的
obsolete
过时的，被淘汰的; out of date, no longer in use
obstacle
n.障碍，妨碍物
obstinacy
n.固执，倔强，顽固
obstinate
固执的；难以减轻或治愈的; adjective: resistant to guidance or discipline; stubbornly persistent
obstinateness
n.固执，顽固
obstreperous
难驾驭的，任性的；吵闹的; adjective: noisily and stubbornly defiant; willfully difficult to control
obstruct
妨碍，给…制造困难；阻挡
obstruction
n.阻碍（物），妨碍
obtain
adjective: be valid, applicable, or true
obtainable
a.能得到的
obtrude
v.突出；强加
obtrusive
强迫人的，莽撞的，冒失的
obtuse
愚钝的; adjective: slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity; lacking in insight or discernment
obverse
n./a.正面（的）
obviate
排除，使不必要; prevent, eliminate, or make unnecessary
obvious
a.明显的，显而易见的
occasional
adj.偶尔的；特殊场合的；不经常的
occlude
v.使闭塞; stop up, close, shut in or shut off
occult
难以理解的；使隐藏或神秘; the supernatural (noun); pertaining to magic, astrology, etc.; mysterious, secret, hidden (adj); to hide, to shut off from view (verb)
occupation
n.工作，职业；占有，占领
ocular
a.眼睛的；视觉的
ode
n.长诗，颂歌
odious
a.可憎的，令人作呕的; adj. arousing or deserving hatred or repugnance: hateful
odium
憎恶，讨厌
odometer
n.（汽车）里程表
odoriferous
a.有气味的
odorless
a.无嗅的，没有气味的
odyssey
a long, adventurous voyage; a quest
offbeat
不平常的
offend
v.得罪，冒犯
offensive
a.令人不快的，得罪人的
offhand
即兴的，没有准备的; casual, informal; done without preparation or forethought; rude in a short way, brusque
officious
多管闲事的; adjective: intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner
offish
冷淡的
off-key
不寻常的，不合适的
offset
v.补偿，抵消; counteract, compensate for (verb); a counterbalance (noun)
offspring
n.后代
offstage
a.台后的，幕后的
ogle
v.送秋波；n.媚眼
ointment
n.油膏，软膏
oleaginous
a.油腻的；圆滑的，满口恭维的
olfactory
a.嗅觉的; concerning the sense of smell
oligarchy
n.寡头政治；寡头统治集团; form of government in which power belongs to only a few leaders
omelet
n.煎蛋卷
ominous
凶兆的
omit
v.忽略，遗漏；不做，未能做
omnipotent
a.全能的，万能的
omnipresent
a.无处不在的
omniscient
无所不知的
omnivorous
a.杂食的；兴趣杂的
onerous
费时间花心思的; burdensome, oppressive, hard to endure
ongoing
a.进行中的；前进的；不间断的
onomatopoeia
formation or use of words that imitate sounds of the actions they refer to
onset
攻击，进攻；起始，开始
onslaught
n.猛攻，猛袭
onus
n.义务，负担
ooze
v.慢慢地流，渗出；（勇气）逐渐消失
opacity
n.不透明性；晦涩
opalescence
n.乳白光
opalescent
adj.发乳白色光的
opaque
不透光的；晦涩的; adjective: not clearly understood or expressed
operable
adj.可操作的，可以使用的；可手术治疗的
operative
a.（计划等）实施中的，运行着的；生效的
opine
表达观点；想，认为; express an opinion
opinionated
a.固执己见的
opponent
n.对手，敌手
opportune
合适的，恰当的
oppose
v.反对
opposed
adj.反对的
opposite
adj.相反的，对立的
oppositional
反对的；对抗的
oppress
v.压迫，压制
oppressive
a.高压的，压制性的；压抑的
opprobrious
辱骂的；臭名昭著的，令人鄙视的
opprobrium
disgrace and disapproval that result from outrageously shameful actions
optical
a.视觉的；光学的
optimal
a.最佳的，最理想的
optimal or optimum
a.最有利的，最理想的; best, most desirable or favorable
optimism
n.乐观主义
optimist
n.乐观主义者
optimistic
a.乐观的
opulence
n.富裕；丰富; noun: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living
opulent
a.富裕的；充足的; adj. amply or plentifully provided often to the point of ostentation: wealthy
oracle
n.代神发布神谕的人
oracular
adj.神谕的，玄妙难懂的
oration
（颇有野心、自高自大的）演说
oratory
n.演讲术
orbital
adj.轨道的
orchard
n.果园
orchestrate
v.给…配管弦乐；精心安排，组织
ordain
v.任命（神职）；颁发命令
ordeal
严峻的考验
ordinance
n.法令，条例
ordinary
a.普通的，平常的；拙劣的，质量差的；n.惯例，寻常情况
organism
n.生物；有机体
orient
使确定方向，使熟悉或适应
orientation
适应，定向
original
创新的；最初的，最早的
ornament
v. to provide with decoration: adorn
ornamental
adj.装饰性的
ornate
a.华美的；充满装饰的; adjective: marked by elaborate rhetoric and elaborated with decorative details
ornery
a.顽固的，爱争吵的
ornithologist
scientist who studies birds
orotund
a.（声音）洪亮的；夸张的; full, rich, and clear (of the voice or speaking); pompous, bombastic
orthodox
传统的; adhering to a traditional, established faith, or to anything customary or commonly accepted
oscillate
振动，摇晃；犹豫，变化; swing back and forth; waver, change one’s mind
osmosis
n.渗透；潜移默化
osseous
a.骨的，多骨的
ossify
（使）硬化，（使）僵化; verb: make rigid and set into a conventional pattern
ostensible
adj. plausible rather than demonstrably true or real: apparent
ostensible or ostensive
表面上的，佯装的; professed, evident, or pretended; outwardly appearing in a certain way
ostentation
n.夸示，炫耀
ostentatious
炫耀卖弄的; adjective: intended to attract notice and impress others; tawdry or vulgar
ostentatiousness
炫耀
ostracism
n.放逐，排斥
ostracize
驱逐; verb: exclude from a community or group
other-directed
a.受人支配的
otiose
a.不必要的，多余的
oust
免职；驱逐
outburst
n.爆发，迸发；激增
outdate
旧式的，过时的，落伍的
