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Biology Exam #2 > fungi lecture 16 > Flashcards

fungi lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do the cell walls of fungi contain

A

chitin

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2
Q

are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs

A

heterotrophs (absorb food)

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3
Q

what do fungi secrete

A

exoenzymes: (break down to easier absorbe nutrients)
- enzymes released into the environment,
- breakdown large molecules into smaller more soluble forms that then get
absorbed

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4
Q

what is particular about fungi generations

A
  • two seperate free-living organisms in the same generation
  • gametophyte : haploid
  • sporophyte : diploid
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5
Q

are fungis uni or multi cellular

A

range from unicellular (yeast) to multicellular (mushrooms)

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6
Q

what are bodies of fungai made of

A

tiny filaments called hyphae

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7
Q

what is the use of hyphae

A

increased surface area for absorption

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8
Q

what is mycelium

A
  • filamentous body (mat of hyphae)
  • usually hidden (below ground)
  • like the roots
    (look at picture on slide)
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9
Q

how to fungi disperse

A
  • they produce spores
  • carried by wind and water
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10
Q

what was the name of one of the largest fungi discovered

A
  • Armillaria bulbosa
  • 2000
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11
Q

what is the fruiting body

A

fleshy, spore baring part of the mushroom

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12
Q

In what way do fungi reproduce

A

both sexually and asexually

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13
Q

explain the asexual reproduction

A
  • mushroom (fruiting bodies) release spores
  • sporulation
  • spores are dispersed by wind
  • when they land on a suitable environment they produce mycelium
    underground
  • adult mushroom grows up from the mycelium
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14
Q

explain the sexual reproduction

A
  • Generally, the life cycle involves the fusion of hyphae
    from two individuals (plasmogamy)
  • forming a mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both
    individuals.
  • Eventually the 2 nuclei that originated from different
    individuals fuse to form a diploid zygote
  • Meiosis can then produces four haploid cells
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15
Q

what are fungi primary role in the ecosystem

A

decomposers
Recycle nutrients in ecosystems
Many species involved in:
* Break down of wood & leaves
* Some nutrients absorbed & used
* Rest returns to soil recycled by plants
* Slow process – could take years

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16
Q

how long does the decomposing process take

A

 Temperate forests: 4-6 years
 Tropical forests: few months to years

17
Q

what is the second ecological significance of fungi

A

pathogens
* Some cause disease in plants reduce yield or kill plants
* fruit - especially berries
* vegetables: potatoes, root crops, corn, grain
*Some cause disease in animals including humans.
ex: Athlete’s foot, Jock itch, Yeast infections, Nail infections and respiratory
diseases (ex.mold problems in hospitals, schools)
(check slides)

18
Q

what is apergilloma

A

fungus ball that colonizes in a healed lung scar or abscess from a previous desease

19
Q

what cause fungi in buildings

A
  • toxigenic fungi produce mycotoxins (they do not invade tissues)
  • Spores and mycelial
    fragments carry the
    toxins
  • vehicles for their inhalation
20
Q

what is the third ecological signifiance of fungi

A

mutualistic symbionts

21
Q

what are the mutualistic symbionts between fungus and green algae or cyanobacteria

A

lichens: association between a fungus and a green algae (or cyanobacteria)
*check slides for structure

22
Q

what is the relationship between the fungus and the algae or cyanobacteria, what do they bring to each other

A

Alga provides fungus with food
(organic carbon)
fungus provides alga with a suitable
physical environment for growth

23
Q

what are the mutualistic symbionts between fungus and plant

A

Mycorrhizae = Association between a
fungus and a plant
*found on roots of over 90% of all
vascular plants

24
Q

what is the relationship between the fungus and the plant, what do they bring to each other

A
  • Fungus acquires carbon from plant
  • plant gets nutrients, water, minerals,
    pathogen resistance, increased
    resistance to toxic elements in the
    soil
25
Q

characteristics of Mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • extend the volume of soil explored by the root system (fungus = yellow hyphae)
  • produce enzymes that
    solubilize nutrients
  • aid in nutrient uptake
26
Q

what are achlorophyllous plants

A

A family of plants unable to photosynthesise and produce carbohydrates
* No chlorophyll

Parasitic plants:
* Obtain carbon from trees
- Monotropa
- Sarcodes

27
Q

what do achlorophyllous plants use mycorrhizas for

A
  • obtain minerals and nutrients
  • to tap the carbon supplies of nearby plants via their roots
28
Q

Some fungi in forest soils form mycorrhizal associations with:

A
  • Trees and achlorophyllous species.
  • Carbohydrates pass from conifer to the achlorophyllous plants via their
    common mycorrhizal partner
29
Q

how are humans and fungi related

A
  1. Some are used for food
  2. antibiotics
30
Q

what is the name of a dangerous mushroom that cannot be eaten

A

Amanita

31
Q

what is the cellular composition of yeast

A

unicellular

32
Q

how do cells in yeast divide

A

The cells may divide either by binary fission or by budding

33
Q

explain fungi being antibiotics

A
  • Many fungi natural enemies of
    bacteria
  • Produce chemicals that kill them =
    Antibiotics
    e.g. Penicillin

Biology Exam #2 (23 decks)

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